What is the circumstance: word polysemantic

Syntax is a section of the science of language that studies the composition and means of expressing the grammatical basis and secondary members of the sentence. The subject and the predicate are the main semantic center of the utterance. Without the presence of even one of the main members of the sentence as a full lexical and grammatical unit can not be. But the secondary elements, even though they are called so, play an equally important role in conveying the semantic nuances of the utterance, the grammatical relations within it. Addition, definition and circumstance - these sentence members perform an explanatory function, referring to one of the main ones, describing them.

Definition of term

Let us examine in more detail the fact that such a circumstance. It includes nouns and adverbs, pronouns that answer the questions "where?", "Where?", "How?", "When?", "Where?", Etc. They denote the place, cause, time of action, image and Etc. The circumstance is connected first of all with verbs, in particular with a predicate. Especially if it is expressed by transitional predicates, for example:

• Natasha carried the doll (where?) To the room .
• Mitya and his father spent the whole summer (where?) At the dacha.
• The guys jumped (how?) High and (how?) Noisy .

In addition to these parts of speech, the circumstances are expressed by pronouns adverbs, gerunds, an undefined form of the verb:

• Brother went outside to breathe clean frosty air and admire the clear brilliance of the stars.
• The angry kid sat frowning and turned away, offended.

Such is the general outline of the topic "What is the circumstance". Let us now consider it in more detail, on specific examples.

Types of circumstances

Depending on the value expressed, the circumstances are divided into lexico-semantic groups, each of which has its own set of questions. These include:

• Words with the meaning of the place. Asked Questions: Where? where? Where? For example:
  
  - Well (where?) Where (where?) We are not. (In this sentence, the circumstances are expressed by an adverb and an indivisible word combination.)
  - Natasha has arrived (from where?) From the city. (In the role of circumstance, a noun with a preposition appears.)
  
  
• Words with the meaning of time. Questions: Since when - until when? when? how long? For example:
  
  - I left (when?) Early, (when?) Until dawn. (An adverb and a noun with a preposition.)
  - I was afraid that with hay (until when?) Before the storm, we can not manage. (Noun with a preposition.)
  
  
• What is the circumstance of the measure, degree and mode of action? They answer the questions: to what extent? how? as? How much? Etc. For example:
  
  - A frightened puppy was squealing near his foot and looked at the big dog (how?) From under his brows (an adverb).
  - The pearl necklace looked (how? To what extent?) Unusually spectacular and (how?) Elegantly (adverbs).
  
  
• Circumstances with the meaning of comparison. They answer the questions: how? like what? Like what, to whom? For example, suggestions:
  
  - A bright, golden (like, like?) Butterfly circled (where?) In the air a maple leaf (noun).
  - Outside the window (like who?) Crying child howled a blizzard (expressed by a noun).
  
  
• What is the cause of the cause: these are verbs and nouns that answer questions: why? why? for what reason? Sample sentences:
  
  - I did not argue with him (why?), So as not to quarrel. (An infinitive with a particle is not.)
  - The child's head was spinning (for what reason?) From hunger. (Noun with a preposition.)
  
  
• Circumstances of purpose. These questions include: for what purpose? what for? for what? Identify them in the following sentences:
  
  - The horses stopped (for what purpose?) To get drunk and take a breath. (Infinitive and phraseological turnover of the verb type.)
  - The guys came (why?) To visit me and cheer me up. (Infinitive.)
  
  
• Circumstances of the condition and assignment. Questions that can be put to them: under what conditions? Despite what? For example:
  
  - If absolutely necessary (under what condition?) I had to call the commander.
  - Despite the approaching storm (despite of what?), The caravan has lost its way.

Syntactic analysis of the circumstances

Like any member of the proposal, the circumstances are subject to parsing. The order of it is as follows:

• It is necessary to isolate the desired unit from the sentence;
• To indicate to which category the value refers to the circumstance;
• To determine the part of the speech that expresses it, for example: Here we live well (here - the circumstance of the place, expressed in the dialect, well - the circumstance of the measure and degree, expressed in the dialect).

The ambiguity of a word

In developed language systems there is such a thing as polysemy, or polysemy. It indicates that a word can have not one but two or more lexical meanings. Russian language refers to such complex, multilevel formations. Polysemy is associated with such a phenomenon as imagery, expressiveness, trails. In the light of this, we can give another definition of the circumstance-no longer as a member of a sentence, but as a lexical unit. This word, which has the following shades of meaning: the situation of the case, the state, the conditions, the situation, for example:

• The conditions under which the duel took place soon became public.
• With a detailed study of the crime pattern, the investigator became aware of new details.

As you can see, the word is a noun and has a fairly extensive synonymic series. The expression "life circumstances" refers to this category: a number of situations that entailed certain events, phenomena, actions.

Legal term

In jurisprudence, there are also phrases that include this lexeme. In a certain context, they have the opposite meaning and form an antonymous pair. These are "mitigating special circumstances" and "aggravating circumstances". The first in the criminal law denote such phenomena that indicate that the perpetrator is not as dangerous as he could be in the absence of these. And, conversely, under aggravating circumstances, the guilt of a criminal is considered in more serious aspects.