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What is participial circulation: forms and use

From this article, the reader will learn what a participle in the English language is. The English participle (participle) is an adjective, derived from the verb, and having similar properties, as well as an adverb; Verb form used as an adjective. In other words, the participle is a description (an adjective) created from a word (verb) that designates an action.

Involvement in English and its forms

- Present Participle (another name Participle 1; ends in -ing): to read - reading, to wait - waiting, to bring - bringing, to be - being ( To be - leading). If the verb ends in unpronounceable -e, then before the "ingovym" ending, it drops (to give - giving, which in Russian means "give - giving"). If the verb ends in a consonant sound that precedes the stressed vowel, then the final letter before the suffix is doubled (to forget - forgetting, which translates into "forgetting - forgetting" in Russian). And for verbs of this type, like lie, die, tie, the present participle is formed in a similar way: lying, dying, tying.

- Past Participle or Participle 2 (ends with -d, -ed, except for irregular verbs that can have endings such as -en, -t, -n, -ne): to ask-asked (ask - From someone who was asked anything), to deal - dealt (considered - considered), to eat - eaten (eat, eat - eaten), to go - gone. To see - seen.

Having dealt with the designation and forms of the participle, let us next consider what is a participial turn, in practice. Let's start with Present Participle:

  1. Leaving the hall hurriedly, she ran out. She ran out, hurriedly leaving the hall.
  2. When reading Wuthering Heights, she hardly keeps herself from crying. Reading the "Wuthering Heights", she barely holds back her tears.
  3. We had breakfast outside the terrace facing the Louvre. We had breakfast on the terrace overlooking the Louvre.

Now let's see what the involved turnover of the past time is:

  1. She wrote through the locked wooden door. She answered through a closed wooden door.
  2. We turned into the hall. We turned into the corridor, lit by flashlights.
  3. Accompanied by her sister, she entered her new house. Accompanied by her sister, she entered her new home.

Despite the fact that in the above examples almost all participles have both verbal characteristics, and the properties of the adjective and adverb (as mentioned above), they are all involved in the conversation. The rules say that Present Participle (participle of the present times), in contrast to Past Participle (pr.png.), Has several forms of use:

1) Indefinite Active (indefinite time of valid collateral): writing;

2) Indefinite Passive (indefinite time of passive voice): being written;

3) Perfect Active (the perfect time for a valid mortgage): having written;

4) Perfect Passive (perfect time of passive voice): having been written.

Past Participle has no time separations, so there is only one form that can express not only the simultaneous action, but also the one that occurred earlier than the main one.

If to understand more in detail what is involved in trafficking at higher levels of language proficiency, then it is possible to touch on such aspects as the functions of the participle in the sentence. These functions refer to both the present participle and the past participle, the difference is only in the forms of use.

In the sentence, the participle can have the following syntactic functions:

  1. The function of definition (an attribute): The fence surrounding our house is lately painted. The fence surrounding our house has recently been painted.
  2. The function of the circumstance (an adverbial modifier): Arriving there my mum found everything that should be found in the kitchen. Arriving there, my mother found everything that is usually found in the kitchen.
  3. Predictive function (a predicative): The effect of my words was horrifying. The impression made by my words was terrible.
  4. As part of a complex object, John has found her unaltered, but she has been found him changed. He found that she had not changed at all, but she found that he had changed.

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