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How does the adjective name change? Forms of adjectives. Russian language: adjectives

The adjective is one of the main parts of speech in the Russian language, used by its speakers all the time. It has a number of indicators, so before answering the question of how the adjective name changes, it is necessary to clarify what exactly is meant by this part of speech.

What is an adjective?

The term "adjective" appeared in the Russian language long enough, but it was formed from the Latin word adjectivum, which in translation means "addition". That is why the lexical meaning of the word "adjective" should be considered "the name that is attached to the noun."

In general, the adjective denotes the lexico-grammatical class of word forms, which denote the non-process characteristic of the subject. The lexical meaning in this case is expressed with the help of inflectional categories. The adjectives in the sentence have their own syntactic function - the definition, in particularly difficult cases they are a compound nominal predicate.

Adjective: three in one

Speaking of the adjective, we should note three understandings of the term. According to the first, to this part of the speech should be attributed proper adjectives, pronouns-adjectives, participles and numerals of ordinal type. The lexical meaning of these words (a feature of the subject) is supplemented by new shades. This view is called a broad understanding of the name of the adjective.

There is a formal position of a moderate type, in which only adjectives and ordinal numerals are included under the adjectives. This point of view was popular in the 60-70s of the XX century, until it gave way to a broad understanding, actively lobbied by the "Russian Grammar-80".

With a narrow understanding of the adjective's name, only adjectives proper are included in it. Many linguists prefer to adhere to this approach, because only it takes into account all the signs by which the allocation of a particular part of speech is carried out. It is on the basis of this point of view that an adjective is being analyzed today.

How does the adjective name change?

Adjective has a number of morphological categories, with which it can be changed if necessary. All these categories are dependent on other parts of speech, the end of the adjective is a universal morpheme, capable of indicating inflectional categories.

Adjectives are changed by gender, numbers and cases, while the word goes to the plural when the gender disappears as useless. Most often, the inflectional categories of the adjective can be clarified by means of its ending in conjunction with the ending of the noun. Sometimes it happens that the adjective is used with an indeclinable noun, and at the end it is not possible to obtain complete information about the word. In this case, the end of the adjective will depend on the meaning of the genus, number and case of the noun. The number of adjectives here plays an important role, since it affects all the indicators at once.

Brief and complete forms of adjectives

Most of the adjectives have a short and full form. At the time of the Old Slavonic (Old Russian) language, short forms were used as a priority, now the situation has changed to the exact opposite.

Adjectives in their full form are often placed before a noun, in which case they play the role of a definition in a sentence. If the full adjective turns out to be a noun, it is often a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. If there is no verb in the sentence, the adjective assumes the role of the predicate.

Short adjectives are often located behind a noun, in this case they play the role of a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. If the sentence contains a predicate expressed by a verb, the short adjective can play the function of a separate consistent definition.

Brief forms of adjectives (qualitative)

Some qualitative adjectives retained a short form, these are the remnants of the active use of this phenomenon in the Old Russian language. These forms usually designate temporary signs that can be applied to a specific situation, in addition, they can convey a relaxed categorical assessment of a particular trait.

In modern Russian, a short form is formed with the help of the foundations of complete adjectives, to which generic endings should be added. In the formation of short adjectives of the masculine gender, the alternation of the letters "o" and "e" with a zero of sound may appear, this phenomenon is a consequence of the reduction of the reduced ones.

It is important to be able to distinguish short forms from truncated adjectives, actively used in folklore and fiction. Short adjectives can only be qualitative and vary only by gender and number, they are most often used in postposition with respect to the noun.

Discharges of adjectives

To understand how the adjective name changes, it is necessary to touch on its lexical and grammatical categories. Qualitative adjectives can denote the qualities of people, objects and animals, color characteristics, as well as give an overall assessment of some phenomenon, which is discussed in the proposal.

Relative adjectives differ in that they express the feature of the subject indirectly, through their relationship to the object or some action. By means of them the relation to persons, animals, objects, actions, concepts, places, times and numbers is designated. The lexical meaning is conveyed by means of special suffixes.

Possessive adjectives are the most complex category. In the broad sense of the word, adjectives with suffixes of possessiveness belong to it, in the narrow sense - part of speech must simultaneously have two attributes - a suffix and an individual belonging to a person or object.

How to analyze the adjective?

Morphological analysis of the adjective - a fairly simple procedure that can be performed in a few minutes. The scheme of parsing acts the same for both the school level and the university level, so it will not bring any difficulties and additional hassle. If necessary, you can consult the linguistic guides.

In the analysis it is necessary to indicate: the word form, the belonging of the word form to the part of speech, the categorical meaning, the initial form + the question to it and the semantic question. Next, you need to specify all the lexical and grammatical indicators and the type of declination (with indicators). For qualitative adjectives, you need to specify comparatives and short forms (with evidence in the form of indicators). Further it is necessary to note, by what nominal indicators the adjective agrees with the noun (gender, number, case), and indicate its syntactic function in the sentence.

Impersonal endings of adjectives

Quite often there is a situation where it is very difficult to check the end of the adjective , since it is unstressed. In this case, you will need to use a whole series of questions (which? What? What? What? What?). One should also remember exceptions - adjectives ending in "-y", "-ye", "-ya", "-y", they have in most forms before the end a soft sign is put: rabbit, rabbit, rabbit.

The only exception is the nominative and accusative case of the masculine singular. If the adjective was formed from the name of any month, the soft sign will persist: July - July.

How is the adjective studied?

Previously, the term when the adjective (grade 3) began to be studied, did not suit everyone, that's why children learn about parts of speech much earlier than previous generations. Adjective is much easier to learn, because it is closely related to another part of speech - a noun, and even has similar grammatical indicators.

To learn how to change the name of the adjective, it is necessary in the lessons to make every effort and listen carefully to your teacher. However, if a child accidentally missed an occupation and catch up with him now is very difficult, he can open any directory of a large number of scientific literature and find the answer to the question of interest. The answer in this case may not always be correct, and this must be taken into account in the search.

In the university format, the adjective is studied much deeper, but a small number of hours are provided for its development, which the student will be able to repeat only a basic understanding of this part of the speech. However, students of universities have access to libraries and can easily find the information they need in the shortest possible time.

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