Technical documentation - a list, development and design

For engineers of any level and any industry, the concept of "normative and technical documentation" is associated with the volumes of explanatory notes and kilometers of drawings. The townsfolk also face technical documentation in everyday life. All operating instructions, user manuals and other valuable instructions for the correct and safe use of household appliances are also technical documentation.

But most often project documentation is used in construction or in industrial design.

General concepts

According to the definitions of explanatory dictionaries, technical documentation is a set of textual, graphic and visualized (mock-ups, drawings) materials that define functional, technological, engineering and design solutions for the realization of the production of any goods or for construction and reconstruction.

To avoid confusion, all documents are created according to the template. Moreover, international integration increasingly dictates the conditions for the work of engineers from all sectors. Modern project documentation is compiled in such a way that specialists from different countries do not have any discrepancies.

To a great extent, this is facilitated by the automated development of technical documentation. All kinds of computer programs are used all over the world.

Security - above all

Any project, particularly construction or reconstruction, can lead to unjustified risks to the lives of users in the event of non-compliance.

We are talking about the safety of not only the performance of certain works, but also the operation of a real estate object or some kind of unit. So, the unreasonable design of the refrigerator can lead to serious health problems for its owners, and a poorly grounded washing machine will not only cause a short circuit, but can also provoke a fire. What can we say about "not enough straight" corners when building buildings.

Therefore, the design and technical documentation is developed jointly with the safety department. Any innovative design idea should be subjected to healthy criticism or tested in practice.

Safety service

In addition to the final safe use of the manufactured product, the safety service supervises the progress of the work itself. In particular, the functions of the security department are:

• Control over compliance with safety regulations at workplaces,
• Organizational work on the implementation of sanitary and hygienic measures,
• Prevention of occupational injuries at workplaces,
• Preventive work to prevent the development of occupational diseases,
• Control over the use of protective equipment in the performance of planned work (if necessary),
• Improvement of safety at work and in the performance of construction work.

As already noted, all technical documentation should be studied by the specialists of the labor protection department. The fact that such work has been carried out is indicated by a note on the coordination on the title pages of the drawings or an explanatory note.

Consolidated design - modern standard

The development of a particular project, especially in the field of construction, requires the joint work of all narrow specialists. After all, the architect's idea can be realized in practice in several ways. An economist and a safety officer will be able to find the most appropriate solution. A joint meeting of all those involved in the design of narrow specialists will make it possible to choose the optimal solution for the task.

To simplify the adoption of initial decisions, the normative and technical documentation is used. This is a list of rules and requirements for the implementation of basic and auxiliary works, which are unified and should be used regardless of the specifics of the project. Such standards include various GOSTs and standards, rules and recommendations issued by state scientific and practical associations and organizations.

Normative base of project documentation

In fact, any experienced builder or locksmith can read the drawings. Having worked at the enterprise for a long time, the masters master the language of the project documentation and can freely use it. But this is fundamentally wrong.

To ensure the quality of work execution and compliance with safety regulations, it is necessary that all employees of the company have at least a secondary special education. This eliminates the errors in reading the drawings and regulations and will speed up the production process.

The same objectives serve as technical documentation systems. To simplify the design, basic requirements, norms and indicators have been formulated and calculated; Tolerances and deviations are determined for a specific location; To avoid erroneous reading of the drawing documentation, common symbols and requirements have been developed.

Systems GOSTs and SPDS (system of design documentation for construction) are used not only in the domestic markets of the state, but also in international cooperation. As already noted, this is due to global production integration and the practice of attracting specialists from different countries.

How to start designing

Any project can not start without foundation. The basis for design is usually the terms of reference, the initial data and the wishes of the architectural design of the project. On their basis, a package of documents is prepared for designers of related specialties - architects, designers, hardeners (those who determine the strength and durability of structures and materials used), economists, etc.

All narrow specialists begin to work in a certain sequence. But this does not mean at all that having fulfilled its part of the project, a specialist literally forgets about it. On the contrary, with the arrival of each next designer, the project team begins to interact closely. There are situations when previously taken decisions exclude further design. Therefore, we have to go back and find other ways.

Scope of project documentation

Of course, there is no clear definition of the number of pages in the explanatory note or drawings that provide a complete picture of the project. But practical design activities suggest that excessive detailing also hurts the final result, as well as a small number of drawings, diagrams and drawings.

For full coverage of the correctness of the work according to the design documentation, the SPDS defines a list of technical documentation. It regulates the mandatory sections, which must be worked out during the design.

Contents of project technical documentation

1. Explanatory note - a text document containing necessary explanations and calculations.
2. Layout plan of the land - the definition of the relative location of objects on a selected plot of land.
3. Architectural solutions - determining the appearance of the facades of buildings and structures.
4. Constructional space-planning solutions - determining the feasibility of implementing architectural ideas and the choice of structures.
5. List of engineering and technical measures - determination of the possibility of connecting the facility to utility networks (electricity, water supply and sanitation, heating and ventilation, gas supply and communication, if necessary); Design of internal networks.
6. The project for the organization of the construction of the facility is the determination of the most rational use of construction equipment and human resources.
7. Measures for the protection of the environment - plans for maximum conservation of the adjacent territory and its improvement.
8. Provision of fire safety - measures to prevent the emergence and extinguishing of fires.
9. Estimates for the implementation of the project - the total result of all costs for the construction of the object.

In some cases, technical documentation can be supplemented with sections that highlight the issues of energy efficiency of the project. Seldom are paragraphs on access to the facility (both under construction and already finished), projects for the demolition or dismantling of existing facilities on the construction site, and so on.

Registration of technical documentation must also comply with the requirements and recommendations of GOST.

Innovations and project documentation

Often during the erection of an object, various innovations must be applied. Most often this happens with so-called piece objects. For typical projects of residential buildings and industrial premises, there is rarely any need to remodel or apply advanced technologies. But the author's projects require innovative design solutions in order to fully implement the architect's idea.

In these cases, scientific and technical documentation is needed, in which, in addition to all the above sections, there is also a chapter devoted to the scientific justification and explanation of the essence of innovation. Usually it is a question of using atypical materials or about using non-trivial engineering calculations.

Project implementation and documenting

During the implementation of the project, it becomes necessary to record certain actions and parameters - for example, the amount of installed reinforcement in the walls of a monolithic structure. It can only be checked during the production process. At the end of the construction of the project, when the concrete solidifies, it will be almost impossible to check the actual presence of the reinforcement.

Therefore, each such action is recorded by the executive and technical documentation - the results of geodetic measurements, certificates of conformity and quality of materials, acts of covert work, reporting documentation for studies and tests, etc. Based on all these documents, when the object is commissioned, it will be possible to take a positive decision.

Expert evaluation of the project

With a few exceptions, all construction projects must be expertly evaluated. It is assumed that the experts will evaluate the submitted project for compliance with existing norms and standards and give their positive (in case of compliance) or negative (inconsistency with the current regulations) conclusion.

Exceptional cases that do not require expert evaluation can be described as follows: the construction of small minor objects for standard projects.