Non-derivative and derived words: examples

The morphologically unchanged part of the word, which carries a lexical meaning, is the basis, it is depending on it that non-derivative and derivative words are distinguished. Each foundation is characterized by two-sided: structurally and semantically.

Differences

The non-derivative stem is not semantically motivated, because it can not be explained with the help of related words, and morphologically it is not considered. In its structure it is equivalent to the root of the word. For example: the forest -a; Brave- th; Kind- oh; Rivers- i and so on.

These fundamentals are non-derivative. And the derivative words can be distinguished according to these features: motivated semantically, which is explained by the selection of a related basis. Its structure is easily divided into two equally significant blocks, that is, the very basis that generates derived words, and the word-building affix. Examples will be the same: the forest- n-th; Brave is a person; Kind from-a to;

The first block is the base

Non-derivatives and derived words belong to the domain of word formation, where the central concept is the basis-the basic or the producing. From the basic in form and meaning, that is, two-sided, the derivative is derived, which is why it is considered to be motivating for the derived basis. Hence, the basis of the derived word is the basis of the motivating one. For example, in a word the forest is a basic basis - the forest , but the forestist is the basis of the adjective motivating. Thus, non-derivative and derivative words are distinguished.

The first block of this word-building structure is the basis of the forest, it is basic, as in any other derived word. It, in turn, can become non-derivative, because everything depends on the ability to break up into individual members. For example, the word woody is a word. In all cases, everything is decided by the stage of production. That is, the first step is a derived word derived from the root morpheme, here the base is non-derivative, and all subsequent steps make the word derivative.

Scheme

Derivative and non-derivative basis of a word on its word-building structure can be represented by the following schemes:

1. Base base (I) + word-forming suffix (II) + flexion. Examples: proud ; Rech- k-a; Books- n-th.

2. The word-forming prefix (II) + the basic basis (I) + inflection. Examples: for all-yes; Great- bye- bye.

3. The word-forming prefix (II) + the base base (I) + the word-formative suffix (II) + inflection. Examples: conversations- no-to; Prorom-sk-iy.

Thus, we can formulate from the above diagrams the basic laws of word formation in the Russian language. The derivative and non-derivative basis of a word are easily differentiated.

Basic Basics

The first rule: the word is always formed from the base stem, which is in the language, and the word-building affixes help in this process. In general, the basic framework is a functional concept, since it can be the same for a whole series of words, because from one root we form several, and sometimes many, others. For example, from the noun there are all kinds of adjectives that differ only in word-building affixes: heads -a- heads- n-th- heads -an-th; Eye - eye- n-th - eye - eye -th and so on.

All words have a derivative and non-derivative property, the meaning of the word depends on it. But the basic basis is for all derivatives. If the base itself is delimited, then there are difficulties and even errors in determining the word-building affixes. For example: such a noun, as talent, comes from the adjective talented , and not vice versa, as always happens. The noun talent first had to form a talent , and then a new noun appeared with the help of the affix - awn . Otherwise, it would have been " talent- ist", somehow ugly.

Affixes

The second rule is that all words in the same meaning of the basic bases are obtained using the same affix or one of its types. Here the principle of semantic deducibility acts as the foundation of motivational relations of basic words and their derivatives. Of course, such a phenomenon as the polysemy of words adds complexity to this principle. In Russian, most of them are polysemantic, and this is reflected in word formation.

The semantic structure of the derived and multivalued source words is often quite different from each other. A derivative word usually has some one, a separate meaning, which is different from the base. Here the main role is played by the derivative and non-derivative basis of the word. Examples can be found everywhere. Take the adjective old . He has several meanings: a person, an animal or an object that has reached old age; It is something ancient, existing since ancient times; Long used, old, spoiled by time; old; Unsuitable, invalid; Old, outdated, out-of-date and many, many more. The group of derivatives of this word is numerous and is related to the first, original value of the basic basis: old, old, old, old, old, old, old, and so on. Hence, derivatives appear that change the original meaning.

Non-derivative words

It is known that the boundary between classes, which would represent an exact opposition, which words derivatives, and which are non-derivatives, are not strict enough. Accentological analysis makes this distinction so that words that have no semantic connection with any real word in Russian belong to the category of non-derivatives. There are a lot of them: luggage, author, lively, water, strong, take, and so on. In addition, non-productive words must be words with the basis of one-morphic - barking, running and so on. Also in the number of non-derivatives there will be words, so to say, "overtaken".

What is meant by "derivatives and non-derivative words" becomes more understandable when the principle of joining morphemes becomes clear. Joining can be tight and no. How do two word forms combine into one word? Its main part is an independently existing word form. Refining and refining, red and fine, input and output are a million examples. Here is the last - tightly joined, and the first - loose.

Words-workers

You can not confuse the derivative and the producing word. The producer works and immediately derives from it a derivative that repeats parental features with its material backbone, but not completely, but how roughly the son looks like a mother, a father, or even a cousin: the ending is truncated, and sometimes And the suffix disappears. Work-nik - works; Pri-chain-yshchik - pri-chain- et and so on. Here, the producing word here is invariable, and the derivative is obtained with the help of affixes and is often not identical to the usual basis of the word.

On this subject - "Derivatives and non-derivative words" - the summary of the lesson would be interesting, since word formation is very strongly associated with all manifestations of human existence. Teacher just expanse in the selection of examples, comparisons, illustrations.

Analysis

Comparison in the analysis of a derivative word with related words, that is, close in meaning and sound, can not, and this is done very often. It is very difficult to give an exhaustive answer to the question of what words are called non-productive. Derivatives are easier to operate. This term in itself is too broad, since it covers a huge word-building nest where derivatives are located not only with the producing basis that interests us, but also a mass of words not directly related to it, many related entities.

For example, the adjective is a different one . Here it is possible to give related words: speaking, talking, speaking, talking, speaking, speaking or talking . And here only one, the second, will be producing, from it directly this adjective is formed. The last two are superfluous, they do not contribute to the chosen direction of analysis, because the adjective is not formed from the verb, but from the noun speaking , that is, from its substantive producing basis, and the past tense (form) From the infinitive, which included all other suffixes as additional elements. It is from here that one can observe what the derivative and non-derivative basis of the word in word formation means.

And yet - the definition

Non-derivative words can be considered those that are not formed and are not formed from any other single-root existing word in the language. Concerning derivative words - all the way around. These are formations from words already existing in the language, using various models of word formation. The motivation for it is the relationship of two single-root words. The meaning of one of them is determined either through the value of the other ( crab-crab-iq, that is, small, but still crab), or through identity in all components, excluding the grammatical meaning of a part of speech ( white-bel-ling , Beige-ah-t-jogging and so on).

A word-forming chain is a series of words with a single root, which are consistently motivated. The initial, initial link is an unmotivated word, then with each newly formed word, the motivation grows. Thus, both derivatives and non-derivative words are defined. Examples: old-old-old-y-old-et-y-old-e-yy-y-old-eel-ost. Here the chelas have four degrees of motivation, and together they form a word-formation nest in which the chicks are much larger. The initial word - like a bird-mother, a kind of peak - it is unmotivated. Word-forming chains originate from it, which have the same initial word.

Morphemes

First, you need to define each element of the structure. Part of the word, where its lexical meaning is expressed, is called the basis. Flexion is the ending that always indicates the relation of this word to others. The root is a part of the word that is common to all the relatives. Affixes (or formants) are morphemes that join the root and serve to form new words.

Modern Russian word formation occurs in different ways - both morphological and non-morphological. First of all - the pattern in the combination of morphemes in the process of word formation.

Ways of word formation

Morphological ways of word formation are quite numerous.

1. The addition of the foundations, that is, the formation of complex and complex words (earth-shaking, sky-vault, steam-stroke and ray-com, face-free, Sberbank ).

2. The rarely used non-fax method works only for nouns, there the consonant sound changes at the end and the stress, and the stem remains unchanged.

3. Affix - the most productive, when morphemes are added to the root, creating both lexical and grammatical forms.

4. Suffix - is added to the basis of the suffix.

5. Prefix - add a prefix.

6. Suffix-prefix - accordingly, both are added.

7. Postfix - adds an affix after the end.

There are only three non-morphological methods of word formation: lexico-semantic (a word with a new meaning), lexico-syntactic (former word combinations of the type c-mind-descended ) and morphological-syntactic, when words become other parts of speech. Having mastered these rules of word formation, man can already answer what words are derivatives, and which are never productive.