The most famous scientists are mathematicians. Female Mathematics

Exact sciences have long been valued by mankind. For example, the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid made such an important contribution to this area that some of his conclusions are still being studied in school. Discoveries belong to both women and men, immigrants from different countries and representatives of different centuries. Which figures are most significant? Let's see in detail.

Ada Lovelace

Not the least role is played by this Englishwoman. Female mathematicians may not be so numerous, but their contribution often becomes fundamental. This is directly related to the works of Ada Lovelace. The daughter of the famous poet Byron, she was born in December 1815. From childhood she showed talents for mathematical science, quickly grasping any new topic. However, traditionally feminine talents also featured Ada - she played beautifully and in general was an extremely sophisticated lady. Together with Charles Babbage, she worked on the development of an arithmetic program for counting machines. On the cover of the general work were only her initials - female mathematicians at that time were something indecent. Today, it is believed that her inventions were the first step of humanity in the direction of creating computer programming languages. It is Ade Lovelace who owns the concepts of a cycle that distributes maps, many amazing algorithms and calculations. Even now, her work is distinguished by a level worthy of a graduate of a professional educational institution.

Emmy Noether

Another worthy scholar was born in the family of mathematician Max Noether of Erlangen. At the time of her arrival, the girls were allowed to enter the university, and she was officially enrolled in the number of students. She studied with Paul Gordan, he also helped Emmy to defend the thesis devoted to the theory of invariants. In 1915, Noether made a significant contribution to the work on the general theory of relativity. Albert Einstein himself admired her calculations. A well-known mathematician, Gilbert, wanted to make her an assistant professor at the University of Goettingen, but the prejudices of the professors did not allow Emmy to get a job. Nevertheless, she often lectured. In 1919, she still managed to get a deserved place, and in 1922 became a full-time professor. It was Neter who created the direction of abstract algebra. Contemporaries Emmy remembered as an amazingly intelligent and charming woman. Corresponding with her led leading experts, including Russian scientists and mathematicians. Her work has an impact on science to this day.

Nikolay Lobachevsky

The first mathematics scientists often achieved such successes that their significance is noticeable in modern science. This is also true of Nikolai Lobachevsky. From 1802 to 1807 he studied at the gymnasium, and then enrolled in Kazan University, where he was noted for his extraordinary knowledge of physics and mathematics, and in 1811 he received a master's degree and began to prepare for a professorship. In 1826 he wrote a work devoted to the origins of geometry, which revolutionized the notion of space. In 1827 he became the rector of the university. Over the years, he created a number of works on mathematical analysis, in physics and mechanics, and raised the study of higher algebra to another level. In addition, his ideas influenced even Russian art - traces of Lobachevsky are seen in the work of Khlebnikov and Malevich.

Henri Poincare

In the early twentieth century, many mathematicians worked on the theory of relativity. One of them was Henri Poincaré. His idealism was not approved in Soviet times, so Russian scientists used his theory only in special works - without them it was impossible to seriously study mathematics, physics or astronomy. At the end of the nineteenth century, Henri Poincaré developed the theory of system dynamics and topology. Over time, his work became the basis for studying the points of bifurcation, catastrophes, demographic and macroeconomic processes. It is interesting that Poincare himself acknowledged the limitations of the scientific algorithm of cognition and even devoted a philosophical book to this. In addition, he published an article that first used the principle of relativity - ten years before Einstein.

Sofya Kovalevskaya

Few Russian women scientists in the field of mathematics are represented in history. Sofya Kovalevskaya was born in January 1850. She was not only a mathematician, but also a publicist, and also the first lady who became a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Scientists-mathematicians chose it without objection. Since 1869, she studied at Heidelberg, and by 1874 she had submitted three works to the scientific society, as a result of which the Goettingen University awarded her the title of Doctor of Philosophy. Nevertheless, in Russia she did not manage to get a place in the university. In 1888 she wrote a paper on the rotation of a solid body, for which she received a prize from the Swedish Academy of Sciences. She was also engaged in literary creation - her pen belongs to the story "Nihilistka" and the drama "Struggle for Happiness", as well as the family chronicle "Memories of Childhood", written about the life of the late nineteenth century.

Evariste Galois

French mathematicians have made many important discoveries in the field of algebra and geometry. One of the leading experts was Evariste Galois, who was born in October 1811, near Paris. As a result of diligent preparation he entered the Lyceum of Louis the Great. Already in 1828, published the first work, which covered the topic of periodic continuous fractions. In 1830, he was admitted to the Normal School, but a year later he was expelled for inadmissible behavior. A talented scientist began revolutionary activity and already in 1832 graduated from his days. After him, there was a will that contained the foundations of modern algebra and geometry, as well as a classification of irrationalities-this teaching was named after Galois.

Pierre Fermat

Some outstanding mathematicians have left such a significant mark that their work is still being studied. Fermat's theorem remained unproven for a long time, tormenting the best minds. And this despite the fact that Pierre worked in the seventeenth century. He was born in August 1601, in the family of the trade consul. In addition to the exact sciences, Fermat knew perfectly the languages - Latin, Greek, Spanish, Italian, and also was famous as a fine historian of antiquity. By his profession, he chose jurisprudence. In Orleans, he received a bachelor's degree, after which he moved to Toulouse, where he became an adviser to the Parliament. All his life he wrote mathematical treatises, which became the basis of analytical geometry. But all the contribution he made was evaluated only after his death - before any work was not published. The most significant works are devoted to mathematical analysis, methods of calculating areas, largest and smallest values, curves and parabolas.

Carl Gauss

Not all mathematicians and their discoveries are so remembered in the history of mankind as Gauss. The German figure was born in April 1777. Even in his childhood, he showed his amazing talent in mathematics, and already by the beginning of the nineteenth century he was an acknowledged scientist and corresponding member of several Academies of Sciences. He created a fundamental work on number theory and higher algebra. The main contribution to the solution of the problem of constructing a correct seventeen-cornered triangle, based on it, Gauss began to develop an algorithm for calculating the planet's orbit from several observations. The fundamental work "The theory of motion of celestial bodies" became the basis for modern astronomy. His name is the territory on the map of the Moon.

Carl Weierstrass

This German mathematician was born in Ostenfeld. He received his education at the faculty of jurisprudence, but he preferred to study mathematics all the years. In 1840 he wrote a paper on elliptic functions. It already traced its revolutionary discoveries. The rigorous Weierstrass doctrine formed the basis of mathematical analysis. Since 1842, Mr .. worked as a teacher, and in his spare time engaged in research. In 1854 he published an article on Abelian functions and received the title of Doctor of the University of Koenigsberg. Leading scientists published rave reviews about him. In 1856, another brilliant article saw the light, after which Weierstrass was accepted as a professor at the University of Berlin, and also made him a member of the Academy of Sciences. The impressive quality of the lecture made him famous throughout the world. He introduced the theory of real numbers, solved many problems of mechanics and geometry. In 1897, he died due to complicated flu. His name is the lunar crater and the modern Berlin Mathematical Institute. Weierstrass is still known as one of the most gifted teachers in the history of Germany and the world.

Jean Baptiste Fourier

The name of this scientist is well known throughout the world. Fourier was a teacher at the Paris Polytechnic School. At the time of Napoleon he participated in military campaigns, and after that he was appointed prefect of Ysera, where he occupied himself with the revolutionary theory of physics - he began to study the warmth. Since 1816, he was a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences and published his work. He was devoted to the analytical theory of heat. Before his death in May 1830, he had also published studies on heat conduction, the calculation of the roots of algebraic equations, and the methods of Isaac Newton. In addition, he developed a method for representing functions as trigonometric series. Now he is known by the name of Fourier. The scientist also was able to improve the representation of a function with the help of an integral - this technique is also widely used in modern science. Fourier succeeded in proving that any arbitrary line can be represented by a single analytic expression. In 1823 he discovered a thermoelectric result with the superposition property. The name of Jean Baptiste Fourier is associated with a variety of theories and discoveries that are important for every modern mathematician or physicist.