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Physical properties

The category of physical properties is one of the broadest synthetic concepts that characterizes the vast spectrum of properties of substances, objects and phenomena, without which the cognitive activity of man is simply unthinkable.

In the broadest sense, these properties characterize all the non-chemical properties of substances, that is, those that are inherent in matter outside of its interaction with other substances.

These include properties such as melting and boiling points, heat capacity and thermal conductivity, and density of matter. Electrophysical properties include inductance, thermal conductivity and dielectric permittivity. Very important are such properties as absorption, color, concentration.

The most important condition for understanding the essence of physical properties and that region of characteristics that they reflect is the fact that a substance can be chemically neutral and stable only when the structure and composition of its molecules are stable. This is important because, even in the same aggregate state, the physical properties of the substance may be different. These differences are predetermined by various circumstances, for example, the structure of the crystal lattice, its location in the composition of a solution, and others.

All without exception, substances in nature have physical properties, which determine its role and place in natural processes. For example, the melting point (quite often this property is cited in the handbooks as the setting temperature), this is the temperature boundary at which a solid crystalline body can go into a liquid state. In this definition, it is important to understand that the keyword is the word "can", that is, it means that at a given temperature, the substance can be in a liquid state or in a solid state. But, if this temperature is slightly increased, then the substance will certainly go into a liquid state, and, accordingly, vice versa. This physical characteristic of a substance is closely related to another property- the boiling point, but these properties become identical only when it is a matter of pure substance.

If we consider such physical properties as electric conductivity, electrical conductivity, belonging to a subgroup of electrophysical ones, then it should be said that these properties characterize the ability of a human body to pass an electric current through itself. Depending on this, those bodies that conduct electric current are called conductors, and those that do not pass through are called dielectrics. Based on their data physical characteristics, we can immediately conclude about the chemical properties. Conductors always have free carriers of electric charge, but dielec- trics may not. This statement allows us to conclude that physical properties are closely related to chemical properties, and they mutually determine each other.

With the help of physical parameters, you can describe a huge number of substances and objects that surround us in nature. For example, the basic physical properties of nitrogen - the substance, which is the main component of the air we breathe, are as follows.

Nitrogen is a colorless gas that has a melting point of -210 ° C, and at a temperature of -196 ° C, nitrogen boils. Nitrogen is soluble in water, and its density is 0.0012506 g / cm3. The permittivity of nitrogen is 1,000,528 at a temperature of 25 ° C.

Or, for example, the physical properties of ozone are characterized by such indicators. Ozone is also a colorless gas, with a specific smell and taste, in the liquid state it acquires a dark blue hue, and in the solid becomes black. The melting point of ozone is -192.7 degrees, and it boils at -111.9 ° C. Ozone is soluble in water, has a permittivity of 1.0019 (at 0 ° C), and its density is 0.002144 g / cm3 (at 20 ° C).

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