Yamal black hole. Yamal funnel: theory of appearance, description, photo

Yamal black hole - so dubbed the mysterious funnel, which suddenly arose in the north of the Yamal Peninsula. She surprised scientists with great depth and improbably even edges of the dip, she plummeted down into the bowels of the earth. On the one hand, the hole resembles karst formation, on the other - the epicenter of the explosion. Over the riddle of the anomaly, scientists have been fighting for several years.

History of the discovery

The Yamal Peninsula is one of the coldest places in Russia. The soil thaws for only a meter depth during the summer. The more surprising was the discovery in the middle of the vast tundra of a huge funnel depth of tens of meters. According to the pilots, its size theoretically allowed simultaneous dropping to the bottom of several helicopters.

Yamal hole, photo of which instantly flew around the world's leading media, presumably formed in the fall of 2013. The first video of a natural phenomenon, photographed from a helicopter, was published on July 10, 2014. A week later a group of scientists, journalists and rescuers first examined an unexpected find. As it turned out, science had not encountered such an object before.

Location

The Yamal funnel is located on the eponymous Russian peninsula south of the Bovanenkovskoye gas condensate field (about 30 kilometers) and west of the Mordy-Yakha River (17 km). The region belongs to the bioclimatic subzone of typical tundras.

There are many streams, small lakes in the summer, permafrost spreads to large areas. Therefore, the karst nature of the formation of the failure was initially dominant.

Yamal black hole: theory of origin

Geologists, merzlovedy, climatologists carefully study on Yamal mysterious funnels of round and cylindrical forms with even edges of precipices. The first gigantic dip of about 60 m in diameter was seen in July 2014 on the Yamal Peninsula. A little later, two more similar mysterious wells of smaller dimensions were discovered: on the Gydansky and Taimyr peninsulas . Mysterious events gave birth to a number of polar versions. Among the reasons are:

• Karst dips, when ground waters wash out large cavities in the rock, and the upper earthen layer settles.
• Frozen ice cork.
• Explosion of methane.
• Meteor falling.
• UFOOLOGICAL THEORY. Ostensibly in the ground there was a technogenic object.

Dangerous find

Numerous expeditions of Russian scientists have opened the veil of secrecy. According to geologists, the Yamal hole, whose depth is more than 200 m, has a purely natural phenomenon. But there are different opinions here. Some associate the formation of failures with the washing of the ground by an underground river or geological processes, the impact of the internal pressure of the planet. Other authorities claim that the funnels were formed after the explosions.

Conclusions of specialists of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences sound awesome. According to scientists, huge reserves of "natural explosives" are stored in the planet's crust. It is located in many corners of the Earth, subsequently, mass explosions may occur, triggered by climate change. A number of geologists argue: "The consequences will be worse than a nuclear winter."

The secret is revealed?

The Yamal fault stirred the public. Numerous "conspiracy theories" arose among the philistines: from UFO fakes to supernovae tests. Scientists are talking about the causes of nature.

Ground samples near the dips revealed the concentration of methane molecules. Accordingly, the theory is advanced that the holes were formed after detonation of the gas hydrate. Because of permafrost, this composition is in a solid state. However, when heated, methane evaporates instantly, expanding to gigantic volumes and causing an explosion effect. In Yamal in recent years, "positive" temperature records are recorded, the ground thaws to a considerable depth. Together with him melted and frozen "gas bubbles".

In 1 m ³ methane hydrate contains 163 m ^{3 of} gas. When the gas begins to separate, the process becomes avalanche-like (in terms of the speed of propagation it resembles a nuclear reaction). There is an explosion of colossal force, capable of throwing tons of soil.

The Yamal funnel and the Bermuda Triangle

Recently, geologists have discovered: such situations are typical not only for permafrost zones. Gas hydrate accumulates in the water at great depths, for example, it is abundant in the bottom of Lake Baikal. Perhaps the tragic disappearance of ships and aircraft in the Bermuda Triangle zone is associated with methane. Presumably, on the seabed there are extensive accumulations of hydrate in this territory. Only here is the gas not frozen, but compressed by enormous pressure.

With the shifts of the Earth's crust, earthquakes, large amounts of methane are emitted, rushing to the surface. Water changes properties, is filled with the smallest bubbles, like champagne, and loses its density. As a result, it stops holding ships, and they are drowning. Getting into the atmosphere, methane also changes its properties, disrupting the operation of aviation equipment.

Today's Day

The Yamal black hole is no longer such. Over the years, it is filled with melt water and gradually merges with the nearby lake. The process was accompanied by active thawing and destruction of the shores.

More curious are the testimonies of several eyewitnesses who described the process of formation of the funnel in 2016. A new Yamal fault arose on July 5 west of the village of Seyakha and resembled the eruption of a giant geyser. Powerful release of steam lasted about 4 hours, and the cloud formed visually rose to a height of five kilometers.

Employees of the St. Petersburg Hydrological Institute have previously explored this area. It is known for very deep "crater" lakes, reminiscent of the famous Yamal hole. The depth of one of the record-holders is 71 m. Moreover, old-timers remember that such emissions happened earlier and even accompanied by fiery flaws.

Unsatisfactory conclusions

Impressive deposits of methane hydrate are scattered all over the planet. The warming of the climate can provoke a chain reaction of a global scale. Billions of tons of methane in this case will change the structure of the atmosphere and lead to a mass extinction of all living things. Therefore, the Yamal black hole is an important object for research.

The record temperatures of 2015-2016 provoked the formation of new smaller funnels. They are located all in the same climatic zone. So, it is the rapid melting of permafrost that is the root cause of their occurrence.

Alternative opinion

Not all support the well-developed theory of scientists. First of all, critics note the unnaturally smooth edges of the crater, which, with a strong methane emission, should have been covered by cracks. They are also surprised by the small volume of the rock thrown out by the explosion.

Perhaps the Yamal crater is the result of the Larmor effect, that is, the effect of the solar wind in the polar regions on the earth's surface. The flow of charged particles, meeting with the landscape, melts the ice, forming ring structures of ideal shape. If in the path of currents induced by cosmic particles, a gas or hydrate accumulated in the cracks occurs, it is squeezed out onto the edges of the Larmor. Scientists studying failure, do not exclude this theory.

However, to doubt the natural origin of the phenomenon is not necessary. The peninsula is literally dotted with small lakes-saucers, which have considerable depth. Obviously, they formed like the Yamal failure. According to research, similar processes took place 8000 years ago and again intensified due to climate change.