Lyrical works: features, types, examples. The lyric work is ...

Lyrical work - this is a special phenomenon in the literature. It opens the secret sensual world of its creator, therefore it has certain features. It is not always possible to distinguish the lyrics from the epic or drama (other literary genres). Sometimes it is not concluded in verse stanzas, but in prose. It suffices to recall the lyrical digressions of Gogol, Pushkin, a poem in Turgenev's prose. And vice versa, epic works can be depicted poetically. It immediately comes to mind "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin or "Vasily Terkin" Tvardovsky. Let us examine the features of the lyrical work and what it differs from the epic and drama.

The kinds of literature

Art, including verbal, is a reflection of a person's life, so multifaceted, full of various events. That is why it is impossible to reflect it fully, using only one scheme. So there were literary births - an epic, a lyric and a drama. Yes, they are similar in that as in a mirror people's lives are shown, but they also differ in a set of certain features. Let's briefly analyze them.

The epic work is characterized by a message about any events in the narrative form. And it can be like a short episode of life, then we are talking about the genres of a story or story, as well as a larger event, the history of a family or state (novel, novel). The main difference is that everything is presented in a narrative manner, sometimes the author resorts to descriptions or reflections.

Drama also has a certain plot, but it is not based on a text-narrative, but on a clear fixation of the speech of actors (remarks). Thus, we can say that this kind of literature combines features of the epic and lyrics, because in the latter, the first role is played by expression. Since the time of antiquity, there are two genres of dramaturgy: tragedy and comedy. In the first, emphasis is placed on the hero's conflict with himself, his spiritual torment (remember Shakespeare's Hamlet or Salieri Pushkin's). The comedy also describes life situations, sometimes ridiculous misunderstandings (Shakespeare's Twelfth Night). Tragicomedy is a genre that appeared relatively recently. It combines the features of two pillars of drama.

Lyrics: definition of the concept

What is a lyric work? This is such a kind of literature that reveals the inner world of the author. Moreover, it is not static: the worldview and the feelings connected with it can change, just like the mood of the hero.

Most often, a poetic stanza is used to translate a lyrical work. Perhaps, the kinds of lyrical works are the most diverse in comparison with the epic or drama. Indeed, the world of feelings is the most multifaceted and unstable. Even within one poem, the mood of a poet can vary from sadness to joy. This is what happens in the work "I loved you" by Pushkin.

A lyric hero occupies a special place in the lyrical work. He can reflect both the feelings and thoughts of the author himself, and argue with him. To understand this concept, it is enough to recall "Eugene Onegin" by A. Pushkin. Here the lyrical hero is not the protagonist of the "rake" Onegin, but the author himself, he as if from the side talks about these events. However, Eugene in one place still assumes the role of the lyric hero when he writes a letter to Tatiana.

Literary genres

Types of lyrical works, as well as epic and dramatic, are usually called "genres." It is noteworthy that the ancient Greeks for each type of verbal art was responsible for their muse. These creatures, the daughter of Zeus and Mnemosyne, the goddess of memory, were the kind companions of Apollo, responsible for the arts. There were nine muses. Each of them had its own character and type of activity. So noble and at the same time strict Polyhymnia was responsible for solemn singing (hymns), and Calliope, who was responsible for the epic, on the contrary, was very businesslike and calm.

What is a literary genre? This is the basis of the work, a kind of skeleton with which the writer or poet creates his unique work. For example, fables are known since ancient times, wrote them and Krylov. The genre is immediately discerned, this is indicated by the allegory of the narrative and a certain morality. This will be the firm signs of the genre "fable".

It is also important for the reader to know what kind of genre he takes in hand, because in this way a special mood is created, the tonality of the work is determined.

Lyrical works, examples of which are discussed below, are also divided into genres. They can create as a solemn, inspiring mood, and sad, even sorrowful.

Ode and hymn

As we have already mentioned, the muse of solemn hymns, hymns, is Polyhimnia. She is noble, impetuous, but at the same time very restrained. These works are distinguished by a special solemnity, their task is to glorify. Hymns reflect the admiration of the lyric hero. Moreover, the admiration, so powerful, energetic and strong that one involuntarily wants to stand up while reading it. What examples can be cited? This is the beginning of the poem "The Bronze Horseman" by Alexander Pushkin. By the way, this passage is called the anthem of the northern capital, St. Petersburg. The initial lines: "I love you, Peter's creation ..." immediately set a powerful charge of energy and power.

The hymn can also be expressed in a prosaic form. "The Song of the Stormy Petrel" by Maxim Gorky is exactly that. It is called the anthem of freedom. It is this state that symbolizes the stormy petrel, who threw the challenge of the elements struggling with it.

Another solemn lyric work is an ode. This genre, in contrast to the hymn, sings a specific historical event ("Ode for the day of accession ..." of Lomonosov), a phenomenon ("Liberty" of Pushkin) or a person ("God" Derzhavin).

Elegy

The lyric work is not only power and solemnity. A significant part of the poems reflect calm feelings, more often, love. With such works, the ancient Greeks associated the Erato Muse. In her depiction, most often there are traits of suffering and tenderness. These are the poems of the genre "elegy". These works are sad, they are full of thinking about love, also about life or destiny, its purpose.

The genre of elegies did not remain in antiquity, many writers and poets actively used it. Thus, Pushkin's "I loved you" or "To the sea", Lermontov's "I'm leaving alone for the road", there are examples of elegies in the literature of the 20th century, for example, Akhmatova has a "March elegy", and Blok's "Autumn elegy".

Epistle and epigram

Very popular in the literature is the epistolary lyric work. This is nothing more than a message. This genre allows you to reveal the most intimate feelings and desires. It is worth recalling only the textbook example of the message - Pushkin's "To Chaadayev." Or the poem of S. Yesenin "The Letter of the Mother." It is important to note that there are times when this genre includes elegy elements. For example, Pushkin's message to AP Kern (the famous "I remember a wonderful moment"). Here, in addition to appealing to your beloved, there is also a reflection on your feelings, a peculiar reflexion of what happened to the poet during meetings with his beloved.

Epigram (also called "satire") is another genre of lyricism. These works are very short, their main task is to ridicule someone. Satire can be more developed, she denounces a social phenomenon. In this genre was very successful poet of the XVIII century Cantemir.

Sonnet

A sonnet deserves special attention. This literary genre requires the poet to strictly observe the form. The main thing in a sonnet is 14 lines. Distinguish the English version (three quatrains and two couplets) and French (two quatrains and two three-verse). The latter took root during the era of symbolist poets. It was used by Blok, Balmont, and also by Bryusov. The classic English sonnet is known to the world by the works of Shakespeare.

The content of the sonnet is also regulated. Each stanza is a thesis for any inference, about which the reader learns in the last lines. This genre of poetry is also called intellectually poetic.