GDR and Germany: the deciphering of abbreviations. Formation and association of Germany and the GDR

1945-1948 became a thorough preparation, which led to the split of Germany and the appearance on the map of Europe of the two countries formed in its place - the FRG and the GDR. The interpretation of the names of states is interesting in itself and serves as a good illustration of their different social vector.

Postwar Germany

After the end of World War II, Germany was divided between two occupation camps. The eastern part of this country was occupied by the troops of the Soviet Army, the western part was occupied by the Allies. The western sector gradually consolidated, the territories were divided into historical lands, which were run by local self-government bodies. In December 1946, it was decided to unite the British and American occupation zones - the so-called. Bison. It became possible to create a single land administration body. Thus, the Economic Council was created - a selective body authorized to make economic and financial decisions.

Prerequisites for a split

First of all, these decisions concerned the implementation of the "Marshall Plan" - a large-scale US financial project aimed at restoring the economies of European countries destroyed during the war. The "Marshall Plan" contributed to the separation of the eastern zone of the occupation, since the government of the USSR did not accept the proposed assistance. In the future, a different vision of the future Germany by the Allies and the USSR led to a split in the country and predetermined the formation of the FRG and the GDR.

Education of Germany

Western zones needed complete unification and official state status. In 1948, consultations were held with the Western Allied countries. The outcome of the meetings was the idea of creating a West German state. In the same year, the French occupation zone joined the Bison and the so-called Trizonia was formed. In the western lands, a monetary reform was carried out with the introduction of its own monetary unit. The military governors of the united lands proclaimed the principles and conditions for the creation of a new state, with a special emphasis on its federation. In May 1949, preparation and discussion of his Constitution was over. The state was called the FRG. The decoding of the name sounds like the Federal Republic of Germany. Thus, the proposals of the self-government bodies of the land were taken into account, and the republican principles of governing the country were outlined.

Territorially the new country was located on 3/4 of the land occupied by the former Germany. Germany had its capital - the city of Bonn. The governments of the Western Allied countries in the anti-Hitler coalition exercised control over compliance with the rights and norms of the constitutional system through their governors, controlled its foreign policy, and had the right to intervene in all spheres of economic and scientific activity of the state. Over time, the status of the land was revised in favor of greater independence of the lands of Germany.

Formation of the GDR

The process of creating the state was also in the eastern German lands occupied by the troops of the Soviet Union. The controlling authority in the east was the Soviet Military Administration. Under the control of the SWAG, local self-government bodies , the Lantdag, were established. The commander-in-chief of the SWAG, and in fact the owner of East Germany, was appointed Marshal Zhukov. Elections to the new authorities were carried out according to the laws of the USSR, that is, according to class criteria. By a special order of February 25, 1947, the Prussian state was liquidated. Its territory was divided between new lands. Part of the territory of the newly formed Kaliningrad region, all settlements of the former Prussia were Russified and renamed, and the territory was settled by Russian settlers.

Officially, the Military Intelligence Service (SVAG) conducted military control over the territory of East Germany. Administrative management was carried out by the central committee of the SED, which was completely controlled by the military administration. The first step was the nationalization of enterprises and lands, the confiscation of property and its distribution on a socialist basis. In the process of redistribution, there was an administrative apparatus that assumed the functions of state control. In December 1947 the German People's Congress began to function. In theory, Congress had to unite the interests of Western and Eastern Germans, but in fact in the western lands its influence was insignificant. After the isolation of the western lands, the NOC began to function as a parliament exclusively in the eastern territories. The Second National Congress, formed in March 1948, held the main events related to the emerging country's constitution, prepared by the Constitution. A special order issued a German stamp - thus, five German lands in the zone of Soviet occupation, moved to a single monetary unit. In May 1949, the Constitution of the socialist democratic state was adopted and formed the Inter-party socio-political national front. Preparation of the eastern lands for the formation of a new state was completed. October 7, 1949 at a meeting of the German Supreme Council, it was announced the creation of a new body of supreme state power, which was called the Provisional People's Chamber. In fact, this day can be considered the date of birth of a new state, created in opposition to the FRG. Decoding of the name of the new state in East Germany - the German Democratic Republic, the capital of the GDR was East Berlin. The status of West Berlin was specified separately. For many years the ancient capital of Germany was divided into two parts by the Berlin Wall.

Development of Germany

The development of such countries as the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR was carried out according to different economic systems. The "Marshall Plan" and the effective economic policy of Ludwig Erhrad allowed the economy to quickly grow in West Germany. Great GDP growth was declared a German economic miracle. Guest workers coming from the Middle East provided an influx of cheap labor. In the 1950s, the ruling party of the CDU adopted a number of important laws. Among them - the ban on the activities of the Communist Party, the elimination of all the consequences of Nazi activities, the ban on certain professions. In 1955, the Federal Republic of Germany joined NATO.

Development of the GDR

The governments of the GDR, which were in charge of the administration of German lands, ceased to exist in 1956, when a decision was made to liquidate local self-government bodies. The lands began to be called districts, executive councils were represented by district councils. At the same time, the cult of the personality of advanced communist ideologists began to be implanted. The policy of Sovietization and nationalization has led to the fact that the process of restoring the post-war country took a long time, especially against the backdrop of the economic successes of the FRG.

Settlement of the relations of the GDR, Germany

The interpretation of the contradictions between the two fragments of one state gradually normalized the relations between the countries. In 1973, the Treaty entered into force. He regulated relations between the FRG and the GDR. In November of the same year, the FRG recognized the GDR as an independent state, the countries established diplomatic relations. The Constitution of the GDR was the idea of creating a single German nation.

The end of the GDR

In 1989, a powerful political movement called the "New Forum" appeared in the GDR, which provoked a series of outrage and demonstrations in all the major cities of East Germany. As a result of the resignation of the government, one of the activists of the New Norum G. Gizi became chairman of the SED. The mass meeting held on November 4, 1989 in Berlin, which proclaimed the demands for freedom of speech, assembly and expression of will, was already agreed upon with the authorities. The answer was a law permitting citizens of the GDR to cross the state border without valid reasons. This decision caused the fall of the Berlin Wall, which for many years shared the capital of Germany.

Union of Germany and the GDR

In 1990, the Christian Democratic Union came to power in the German Democratic Republic, which immediately began consultations with the government of Germany on the question of uniting countries and creating a unified state. September 12 in Moscow signed an agreement between the representatives of the former allies of the anti-Hitler coalition on the final settlement of the German question.

The union of Germany and the GDR would be impossible without the introduction of a single currency. An important step in this process was the recognition of the German brand FRG as a common currency throughout Germany. On August 23, 1990, the People's Chamber of the GDR decided to annex the eastern lands to the FRG. After this, a number of reforms were carried out, liquidating the socialist institutions of power and reforming the state bodies according to the West German model. October 3, the army and the fleet of the GDR were abolished, and instead of them in the eastern territories were placed the Bundesmarine and the Bundeswehr - the armed forces of the FRG. The decoding of the names is based on the word "Bundes", which means "federal". The official recognition of the eastern lands in the FRG was confirmed by the adoption of new subjects of state law by the Constitutions.