Design. History of design. Stages of the development of design

The desire for aesthetics was noticed in ancient times. Some people ask themselves the question of how the work of the masters developed. This review is devoted to such art as design. The history of design, the emergence of theory and the stages of formation - all this is considered further. Having made a small trip to the past, the reader will learn how the styles of interior design, clothing, landscape developed.

Definition of design

Translated from the Italian word "design" means "design", "composition", "model." In Russian, it appeared recently, but art itself began to form many centuries ago. A modern specialist engaged in this type of activity must know many features from the subject areas and be able to correctly use them in practice, creating projects. Masters of the business work in commonwealth with architects, customers, builders, suppliers and contractors and are engaged in the organization of internal space.

History of Design Theory

The first ideas about the relationship between beauty and benefit arose among the ancient Greek scholars Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Aristippus, Protagoras. At that time, there were already works on the connection of man with machines. The considered creative direction has the following versions of origin.

1. In the middle of the 19th century, the development of industrial production created the need for a new kind of activity aimed at the design and the giving of aesthetics. This is how the design was formed.
2. At the end of the XIX century, the basic rules of the theory and principles were formed, which later influenced the schools of masters. So the design began to combine art and craft.
3. At the beginning of the 20th century, artists occupied high positions in industry. They developed corporate identity and were able to influence the production of various electrical appliances and cars. So the design became an artistic and industrial activity.
4. The appearance of a graduate is connected with the formation of design schools in the XX century.

Great contribution to the theory of the emergence of the history of design has made and continues to make periodicals.

How did the design develop? 1 st and 2 nd stages

The formation of this art in Russia is intermittent: after a high growth there was a low decline. But the strong side has always been and remains aesthetics. The evolution of design can be divided into several stages.

At the first stage (1917-1922) the creation of design was carried out during the collision of production with agitation-mass art, as well as the active design of street celebrations and political processions. During this period, new approaches to the development of advertising, posters and book goods began to be applied, which was the beginning of the development of graphic design.

At the second stage (1923-1932), Russia became one of the main centers for the training of professional designers in production departments. At that time certain concepts were formed, which directed further development of art, and also projects for the arrangement of dwellings, workers and public places began to be developed. There was a triumph in collages, font compositions, book constructions, poster graphics.

History of the development of design: 3rd stage

Creative activity in 1933-1960 was stopped because of the introduction of the principle of standardization, applied not only to man, but also to the created environment. For this reason the epoch of unity of aesthetic conceptuality has come to the end. The design was divided into several directions: subject-household, decorative-design and engineering.

Evolution of design: 4th stage

The development of art resumed in the fourth stage, which became significant in history. In the early 60-ies appeared the first theoretical developments in the field of web design. In 1961, VNIITE (All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Technical Aesthetics) was established. His publications won first place in European culture. The considered creative activity has become very popular. Many standards were revised, and all attention was focused on consumer goods. Under the influence of Western European schools of graphic design, the style of periodical editions has changed. In the 1970s eclectic tendencies of retro styles were highly valued.

When there was a private form of ownership and competition intensified (late 80s - early 90s), Russian advertising became one of the important tools for business promotion. It was then that the interest in graphic design greatly increased and the output of publications spreading goods and services increased.

Origin of interior design

People have always sought to create a beautiful environment in their home. That is why the services of professional designers remain in demand at the present time. The history of interior design begins from ancient times. In the primitive man, a cave was considered a dwelling, which he decorated with stones, skins, drawings on the walls, roots of trees and other improvised objects.

Ancient Egyptian art began to form during the Early Kingdom. Culture was clearly expressed by the principles of monumentality and static. At this time, the construction of elevated tombs with funeral premises began. The most significant architecture was "mastaba". The Age of the Middle Kingdom is considered the period of foundation of carpentry. In Egypt, for the first time, there was a seat with a back, which later became a template for all chairs, which entered modern design.

The history of interior design was supplemented with architectural products from Ancient Greece: stone slabs, mosaic, wood, brick - all this was used for the construction of temples. The walls and ceilings were plastered and decorated with paintings. A special place in this country was occupied by theaters. Instead of doors in apartment houses, cloth curtains were often used to decorate the home environment. They were put on mythological or historical images. The furniture was decorated with pretty inlays and paintings.

Ancient Rome also left a mark on the history of interior design. The inhabitants of this country actively built the baths (antique baths), the interior decoration of which was distinguished by real luxury: vaulted ceilings, mosaic floors, pools, gardens. In the environment often used gold, silver, marble, wood, bronze, ivory.

Gothic culture was formed in France. It was in this country that twisted columns and pointed arches were used. The walls of the living quarters were covered with plaster, and on the ceilings mural paintings were made. In the main halls were installed heraldic shields, weapons, and on the floor were woven rush rugs.

Features of the formation of landscape design

The arrangement of the space around his house was relevant at all times. In this regard, the history of landscape design developed with humanity, although the name appeared about 200 years ago. If before people were strongly attached to nature and kept a vegetable garden, now they create a special kind around their home for beauty.

The first parks for walks appeared with the beginning of the slave system and belonged to the rich sections of society. The better the financial position of the owner, the more beautiful were the gardens surrounding his dwelling. In each country, landscape design developed in its direction.

In ancient Egypt priests cultivated different flowers with refined aromas, and on the surface of reservoirs had lotuses. During the reign of Cleopatra, roses were cultivated. In Thebes was widely distributed pergola, which is a structure of plants and bunches of grapes, stretching through the courtyard.

The development of landscape art in Persia began with the creation of reserves with different kinds of animals (wild boars, lions, artiodactyls) intended for hunting. It was from the Persians came neatly cropped hedges that divided the park into different zones.

China and Japan are countries developing under the influence of ancient philosophies and religions, calling for the unity of man with nature. Therefore, in the gardens of these residents there were water objects, stones or gazebos, creating a peaceful and harmonious design.

The history of design of landscapes in Russia is similar to the European one. In the XVII century, botanical greenhouses and parks appeared. Then began to grow tulips, hyacinths and daffodils, which came from Holland. Over time, life changed, and new styles gradually replaced the old. Especially changes in garden architecture are noticeable in the XIX and XX century.

Evolution in the fashion world

The history of the design of clothing began to form from ancient times, as people have always sought to create beautiful, warm and comfortable things. Depending on the culture, special outfits, hairstyles and accessories were made. The design of clothes was divided by peoples according to the property and caste status (soldiers, officials, traders, peasants). The active development of fashion began after the appearance of fabrics, threads and sewing machines.

The primary sources of clothing design are shops in France and Italy, whose tailors have become real professionals. During the Middle Ages, the art in question did not develop, as non-standard clothing was not welcomed. However, during the Renaissance, changes occurred, and the history of fashion was supplemented by new events: festive clothing, underwear for ladies, as well as velvet and silk. Decollete has become deeper, and the cutouts of dresses have increased. The spirit of the time has always had a big impact on design.

The history of design of women's clothing of the XX century was supplemented with strict male models of trousers and a jacket. After that, a coat appeared. Currently, fashion is in every country, and couturiers demonstrate to the whole world their work.

Design - the direction of creative activity, which never stops at the reached level. People have new needs and ideas, and the masters of their work embody ideas in life or create their own original style. Therefore, the art in question is in constant development.