Coefficient of fastening operations (serial coefficient): definition, formula. Types of production

In economic science, there are a large number of approaches through which the patterns in the organization of the production process at enterprises of various specializations and scales that apply technologies with various labor intensities and levels of distribution according to the positions of company employees are reflected. The concept is widespread, according to which such regularities are determined on the basis of the value of the factor of fastening operations in the factory. What is its essence? How does it correspond to a specific model of production organization?

The essence and formula of the coefficient of fastening operations

What is the coefficient of consolidation of operations and what is it for? This term is used in economic theory in the context of the definition of different types of production. By that, it is accepted to understand certain signs, in accordance with which the release of goods acquires organizational and technological characteristics on various scales: the enterprise as a whole, the unit or, for example, a separate workplace.

Types of industrial production are most often determined based on:

• The nomenclature of the released goods;
• The number of products produced;
• Constancy of the list of products;
• Degree of workload;
• Specialization of positions in the state of the enterprise.

The ratio in question refers to key indicators that can characterize a particular type of production.

His formula is presented in a very simple structure.

The factor of consolidation of operations is calculated as the ratio of the total number of technological tasks (those that have been or should be considered) to the number of jobs within the reporting period - for example, 1 month.

Along with the indicator under consideration, the use of coefficients is also widespread in economic theory:

• Specialization of internal corporate jobs;
• Seriality;
• Of mass character.

It will be useful to study in greater detail what they are.

Coefficients of specialization, seriality and mass character: what is their purpose?

The coefficient of specialization of the company's staff positions reflects the ratio of the number of facts of processing parts or production materials within a specific technological process to the total number of workplaces (or sets of equipment) in a firm or a division of the company.

The serial ratio reflects the ratio of the rates of output of products in the established indicators - for example, in pieces per minute - to the average time for performing the corresponding operations within a given technological process.

The mass ratio is calculated through a very complex formula, which takes into account indicators such as:

• Piece time within the scope of a particular production operation;
• Rates of release of goods;
• The estimated dynamics of product manufacturing;
• A fund of equipment operation time, expressed in various indicators.

Depending on the specific values that acquire the coefficient of consolidation of operations and accompanying it, the production is classified as belonging to one of the following varieties:

• Single;
• Serial;
• Small-scale;
• Mass.

Let's consider their specifics in more detail.

The essence of a single production

What is a single production? This model of output of goods is characterized by the production of piece goods, in many cases - unique goods. The assortment of the corresponding products can at the same time be represented in a rather wide range. Employees of enterprises or shops with a single production, as a rule, do not have a narrow specialization. Specific operations, as a rule, are not fixed permanently for certain workplaces.

It can be noted that, for example, the typical coefficient of specialization, which characterizes a single production - about 40 operations per position.

Specialization of individual jobs can be due mainly to technological principles of the release of certain products, their size. Equipment in the framework of a single production, as a rule, is used universal and in many cases is interchangeable.

For individual production are characterized by: the presence of sites of uncompleted release of goods, regular reconfiguration of equipment, high labor-intensiveness of operations, as well as a long cycle of release of goods.

As a rule, the prime cost in the framework of the corresponding production model is quite high. This may be due, among other things, by attracting high-skilled workers to the production of goods, which require payment of a large salary.

In the event that the range of products produced by the factory is sufficiently diverse, the corresponding type of production can be characterized by a high degree of mobility and adaptation to changes in the structure of demand for manufactured goods. Many companies in the alignment of the development strategy of production focus on the acquisition of opportunities for the release of goods just the same in a wide range. The enterprise must, therefore, have the necessary infrastructure, funding, personnel in order to meet this criterion.

In the event that the firm fails to provide a wide range of products, priority may be given to technologically complex products, rare for the market, but at the same time in demand. For example, if a company produces microprocessors for military equipment, even if they do not produce any other goods, the business is likely to have a steady demand for its products. Competitors will have little, and buyers - both at the level of the national defense order, and in the world market - may be enough.

True, with sufficient demand, the company is likely to expand production, which in time will most likely become a serial production. Let us consider its specifics in more detail.

The essence of batch production

Serial production corresponds to the model of output of goods within individual batches. This type of organization of the functioning of the factory is characterized, as a rule, in a sufficiently limited range of products supplied to the market. The main source of revenue for mass production is the timely dispatch of batches of goods to customers at a set frequency.

Depending on the volume of individual deliveries, small-scale production will be carried out, medium- and large-scale production. Within the framework of the model of organization of output of goods, a narrow specialization of workplaces is carried out sufficiently so that the employees of the enterprise have the opportunity to perform specific technological operations at the highest level of quality. This feature of production in many cases predetermines the reduction in the cost of production - for example, due to the opportunity to attract specialists with little experience in the most critical areas of production. The most technologically complex stages of production, in turn, can be entrusted to more qualified employees of the firm.

Also, serial production in many cases requires the management of the enterprise to solve the problems of optimizing the use of certain resources - equipment, production areas, materials, raw materials. Most often, in the framework of the model of the organization of output of goods, everyday items are supplied to the market - household appliances, common types of technological equipment.

Small-lot production of goods

Small-scale production, as a subspecies of the considered format of output of goods, is close to the one. It involves the release of goods in small batches, often in the large nomenclature. The size of specific lots, as a rule, is small, and moreover can be regularly adjusted. The enterprise quite often changes types of the delivered goods within the limits of small-scale production, adapts the offer to the current demand or to the trends in the market. It can be noted that this format for the release of goods involves the use of equipment of almost the same purpose, which is used in a single production. For jobs is characterized by the performance of labor functions, which allow to organize the production of products in a wide range.

Average serial release of goods

Average serial production involves the delivery to the market of sufficiently large series of goods, which are represented in a relatively small nomenclature. At the same time, the regularity of supply is characterized by a high degree of stability. The degree of specialization of workplaces is sufficiently high. The equipment used in production can be either universal or specialized. For the factories in which the type of production under consideration is organized, it is characteristic to build a developed infrastructure, as well as to ensure the distribution of output of goods on specific technological sites.

Large-scale output of goods

Large-scale production involves the release of goods that are delivered to the market in large batches in a sufficiently narrow nomenclature. Some particularly popular types of products can be produced continuously.

For jobs in small-scale production is characterized by high specialization. The same can be said about the equipment involved in the release of goods in the enterprise.

Let us now study the specifics of mass production.

What are the features of mass production?

The type of organization of output of goods at the enterprise contemplated involves the delivery of products to the market in large quantities and, as a rule, within the limited range.

Mass production assumes stable supplies, oriented to long-term demand. The specialization of workplaces in organizing the release of goods in a corresponding way is narrow. On each of them, a specific technological operation or a group of homogeneous ones is carried out. The product that has passed through this or that stage of assembly is transferred to the next stage of processing - and so, until the product is ready. The share of manual labor is usually low in modern mass production. This feature of the organization of release of goods in many cases significantly reduces the cost of producing a unit of product.

The total number of jobs at enterprises that organize large-scale deliveries of products can be both very significant and relatively small: everything depends on the level of technological infrastructure. In robotized and automated industries, the size of the staff will obviously be lower than in factories with a greater share of manual labor.

The establishment of mass production must be predetermined by stable demand. If this criterion is not met, the enterprise has a risk of being in a crisis situation due to insufficient revenue, in terms of covering current expenses. Actually, the high sensitivity of demand for the enterprise, which organizes mass production, is preserved practically at any stage of business development. Therefore, it is necessary for a firm to conduct a detailed research on the demand for the products sold before investing in additional capacities that enable it to organize the release of goods in the appropriate dynamics.

Types of production and coefficient of fixation

How does the ratio of the fixing of operations to the types of production considered by us compare? In economic science, as well as in a number of state standards, a number of dependencies between the relevant indicator and the model of the organization of output of goods and services are established.

So, with a single production, the coefficient in question is more often than 40 units. With a small-scale release - is within 20-40, with a medium-serial - about 10-20, with a large-scale - usually 1-10. Mass production has a fastening coefficient, as a rule, not exceeding 1.

Economic principles of choosing a production model

So, we examined what are the main production models, as well as the corresponding values of the fastening coefficient of operations, which is relevant to the key indicators of the functioning of the model of the organization of output of goods in the enterprise.

How can the management of the company make decisions regarding the approval of priorities in the business development strategy in terms of the organization of production in a particular variety?

One of the key factors of the company's economic efficiency is stable demand. If it is absent, even if every technological operation is qualitatively developed at the enterprise, advanced solutions and the best equipment will be introduced, revenues may not be sufficient to cover expenses. Therefore, before investing in increasing the production capacity and transferring a firm, for example, from a small-batch series to an average serial model, management should investigate the prospects for the sale of goods in greater volume, to find out whether there will be sufficient demand for the corresponding type of products.

It also matters what kind of infrastructure the enterprise actually has: in fact, initially the owners of the enterprise have invested in providing highly specialized jobs, and re-equipping them with those that are characterized by broad specialization can be problematic, and vice versa. The labor process is part of the business model, which in many cases is much more difficult to adjust than the type of production organized in the firm. A person trained, for example, as an electronic component programming specialist, most likely will not be able to deal with the chemical analysis of the ecological compatibility of the insulating enclosures on the manufactured products in a timely manner, for this he will have to undergo training in another specialization.

Although the efficiency of the transition of personnel to the implementation of new labor functions may be required, in terms of production modernization. In this case, as a rule, we are talking about attracting new specialists, and this can predetermine the appearance of new expenses for the firm. The labor process is also a procedure in which the management of a firm must pay enough attention to personnel work in terms of finding specialists, interviewing them, testing, registering for work, facilitating their rapid adaptation to the specifics of the manufacturing process in the firm.

Of course, the choice of a particular production model should be carried out taking into account the current transport infrastructure: if the carrying capacity of the roads in the region is not too high, then the delivery of products manufactured in large lots can be difficult. Either to have high costs, which, again, may require the management of additional work to stimulate revenue. The same can be said about the dynamics of the delivery of raw materials and supplies from suppliers. If it is not high enough, then it can be problematic to deploy a powerful production. Or the solution of this task will predetermine an increase in the cost of production, which, perhaps, will lead to an insufficient level of its competitiveness.

Summary

So, we have considered what constitutes the coefficient of fixing operations and the associated concepts of specialization, seriality, and mass character. These indicators characterize how the company organizes the release of goods: in single, serial or mass production.

The choice of this or that model depends on many factors. First, it is the level of demand available on the market or potentially possible. Secondly, these are the capabilities of the existing production base, as well as the prospects for attracting personnel with a certain qualification, taking into account the investments that need to be paid for. Thirdly, these are the infrastructural resources that the enterprise has - first of all, from the point of view of the use of transport highways, for the delivery of goods to consumers or the purchase of raw materials from suppliers.