The basic models of management.

There are three basic models of management. All of them have their own positive moments and shortcomings, while significantly differing from each other. At present, such models are distinguished: marketing, Japanese and American management models.

Management is generally characterized by national characteristics, as well as common features, it is firmly linked to the level of economic development, culture, ethnic and natural features of people's existence. In its history, a large number of foreign countries have been able to accumulate significant information not only in the field of theory, but also in management practices in agriculture, industry, trade, taking into account their specific characteristics. Currently, such management models as American and Japanese are considered polar.

In principle, the category of the "management model" is one of the key not only in science, but also in management practice. After all, any manager always asks himself questions: how to manage the object entrusted to him, and most importantly, what arsenal of levers, strategies and management technologies must be used to most effectively cope with the solution, the tasks assigned to it.

Management models include basic management principles, targets and attitudes, strategic vision, values that are developed jointly, the order and structure of interaction of all their elements, analytical control and monitoring, organizational culture, motivational policies and forces that are driving development.

So, what are the main management models? Let's start with the American one. The management system in the firms of this country is organized quite rigidly. The nature of the relationship between all intrafirm units is determined by the type of enterprise that developed earlier. American firms of the early period had a trust organization, so today in well-known companies (Ford Motors, Chrysler), those enterprises that are part of production departments are completely deprived of independence. Their leaders obey the leaders of all the same production departments.

American style of management has its own characteristics. In this case, the responsibility of each individual employee is clearly defined. The essence of the American model is that there is an initial conviction - the success of a firm directly depends on those factors that lie within its boundaries. It means the reduction of costs solely through the identification of various in-house reserves, the rational organization of production, the efficiency of the use of existing resources and the growth of labor productivity. Concerning the American model, we can say that when looking for candidates for specific positions, they are adapted to the system.

Japanese management significantly increases the competitiveness of the economy of this country. Here there is a maximum focus on technical and technological innovations. The distinctive elements of the Japanese management model are, first of all, a system of so-called lifelong hiring. In addition, promotion depends on the length of service. An important element is the organization of group work. Work is also paid for by the length of service, and also on the basis of their contribution to the quality and streamlining of the process. There is a system of continuous training right on the job.

But the marketing model relies on a self-fulfilling person. In addition, the company is considered a living organism, which consists of people united by common values. The firm also needs to be constantly updated, adapting to external factors, and the main factor is the consumer.