What is conversion? Examples of use of calls in speech

Turning to someone, we call our addressee. This word, as we call it, is referred to in Russian as an appeal. Sometimes it is expressed in several words, between which punctuation marks or conjunctions are put. Also often in the sentence the phrase appears as an appeal. Examples: " Mom, I love you." Mom and Dad , you are the people most dear to me. " Dear Mother , I love you."

What words express an appeal

More often these are proper names, nicknames, nicknames, animate nominal nouns. Less often - inanimate objects act as treatment. Examples: " Anna , go out on the balcony, Moscow , I love you like a son! Give me a paw, Jack . Let's sing, friends ! Farewell, the sea . "

What parts of speech can be treated?

• Nouns in the nominative: "How long can you wait, Boris ?"
• Nouns in the oblique cases: "Hey, on the ship ! Throw the lifeboat!"
• Adjectives used in the meaning of the noun: "We will not quarrel, my dear . "
• Numbers: "Reception, reception! Respond, the fourth !"
• Communion: "Be happy, living !"

Intonation selection

By raising or lowering the tone, pauses and special ringing intonation, you can learn the reference. Examples for comparison: "The girl opened the window. / Girl , open the window!"

In the Old Russian language, even for the expression of appeals, there was a form of the sacred case. In part, it was preserved in interjections: " My God, Lord, fathers of the light , etc.".

Syntactic role

Appeals are never members of a sentence. They do not carry a semantic load, and their task is only to attract the attention of the addressee to the words expressed. They do not have grammatical links with the members of the sentences. For comparison, examples of treatment and without it: "Father talked to me quite severely. / Father , talk to me." In the first case the noun "father" is in the sentence subject and is connected with the predicate "talked". In the second case, this word is an appeal, and it does not fulfill any syntactic role.

Expression of emotions

Feelings of joy and sorrow, rage and admiration, affection and anger can express treatment. The examples show how emotion can be conveyed not only by intonation, but also by means of suffixes, definitions, applications: " Nadia , do not leave us, do not think, pathetic fanfaronishka that frightened me.

Vocative suggestions. Common appeals

Appeals can be very similar to the so-called vocative sentences. These proposals have a semantic connotation. But he has no appeal. Examples of a vocal proposal and a sentence with an appeal: "Ivan!" She said desperately. "We need to talk, Ivan . "

In the first case, we are dealing with a vocative proposal, which contains the semantic coloring of supplication, despair, hope. In the second case, it's just an appeal.

Examples of sentences in which this speech component is common, demonstrate how verbose and detailed are the appeals: "The young maiden, who has opened her braids and opened her lips for a love song , you will dream to me." You , talking about fame and freedom, forgetting everything Your promises , do not wait for mercy. "

In colloquial speech, widespread appeals are dissected in the sentence: "Where, dear , are you going, man ?"

Appeal and speech styles

In literary and colloquial speech, sustainable expressions can be used as appeals : "Do not torment me, sadness, anguish ! Where are you leading me, stitch-paths ?"

For applications, it is often typical to use structures with a particle about . If this particle is used with a pronoun, it is usually accompanied by a qualitative clause: " Oh, you who recently answered me with a grin , drooped your eyes?"

Appeals with a particle are more often encountered in colloquial speech: " Masha, and Masha, where is our porridge?"

Place of address in the offer

The appeal can be in the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the sentence: " Andrew , what happened to you yesterday?" What happened to you, Andrei , yesterday? / What happened to you yesterday, Andrew ? "

Appeals may not be part of the proposals, but used independently: " Nikita Andreevich , why do not you go?"

Punctuation marks when accessing

Appeal, in which part of the sentence it is, is always separated by commas. If it is taken out of the design and is independent, then most often after it is put an exclamation mark. We give examples of the sentence with treatment, separated punctuation marks.

• If the reference is used at the beginning of the sentence, then a comma is put after it: " Darling Natalya Nikolaevna , sing to us!"
• If the appeal is located within the sentence, it separates from both sides: "I recognize you, my dear , by the gait."
• If the message is placed at the end of the sentence, then put a comma before it, and after it the sign that the intonation requires - a dot, an ellipsis, an exclamation mark or a question mark: "What did you eat for dinner, children ?"

And here are examples in which the appeal is outside the sentence: " Sergei Vitalievich ! Urgent in the operating room!" / Dear Motherland ! How often I remembered you in a foreign land! "

If the treatment is used with the particle a , then the punctuation mark between it and the treatment is not put: " Oh dear garden , I again inhale the aroma of your flowers!"

Rhetorical appeal

Usually, conversations are used in dialogues. In a poetic, oratorical speech, they participate in the stylistic coloring of the message. One of these stylistically significant figures of speech is rhetorical treatment. We see an example in M. Lermontov's famous poem "The Death of a Poet": "You, the hungry hangmen standing at the throne, Freedom, Genius and Glory are executioners!" (This, by the way, is also an example of a widespread appeal.)

The peculiarity of rhetorical treatment is that, like the rhetorical question, it does not require an answer or response. It simply strengthens the expressive message of speech.