Speech: the classification of speech. Features of the types of speech

Depending on various conditions, the number of interlocutors, the audience, the situation and other factors, several types of speech are singled out. All of them, of course, have a certain similarity.

There are several forms of speech, each of which refers to either oral or written.

Classification of speech forms

Oral or written speech in Russian is sound. Signs on the letter express not only the immediate meaning, but also convey the sound composition of words. For non-hieroglyphic languages, a letter is only a peculiar exposition of oral speech.

Like a musician who plays a melody using notes, the speaker transforms the written speech into an oral one. Any reader reads almost the same sound series.

Written and oral broadcasting perform different functions. Speech often includes conversation or conversation, and also includes public appearances, lectures, and interviews. Written has a more formal, business or scientific character.

Speaking oral speech has a situational character. Some of the interlocutors understand each other with a half-word. Written text requires the content, the logically arranged presentation. The text is strictly according to plan, adhering to all language laws. While the spoken language is spoken by itself, and the interlocutors have the opportunity to direct it in the right direction.

Classification of types of speech depends on several factors, such as scope, mode of expression, carrier and number of interlocutors.

Dialog

The peculiarities of speech in this case are that two people speak, if more, then this phenomenon is called a polylogue. The main thing is that all the replicas are united by one theme and idea. Dialogue is a way of exchanging opinions. Each replica follows from the previous one and is its logical continuation. The nature of the dialogue depends on the code of relationships between communicants. There are three main types of such interaction: dependence, equality and cooperation.

Each dialogue has its own structure:

• Initiation;
• main part;
• Ending.

From the theoretical point of view, the dialogues are endless, since their last part always remains open, however in practice any dialogue has an end.

Acting as a primary form of communication, it is a spontaneous speech. Even in preparing a scientific discussion, the speaker can not think through every line, because the reaction of listeners is not always obvious.

For the dialogue to take place, the information base of its participants is needed, as well as a minor gap in the speakers' knowledge. Non-informativity negatively affects the productivity of speech.

Depending on the goals, tasks, the role of interlocutors, the following types of dialogue are distinguished:

• domestic;
• interview;
• Business conversation, etc.

Monologue

This term refers to the detailed statement of only one person. A monologue is a purposeful message that needs to be conveyed to a group of people. This is also a conscious appeal to listeners or readers, depending on the form of submission.

There are also monologues, which are not directed at a certain person, but occur in private with oneself. In this case, they do not cause any response.

Distributed such types of book monologue:

• Artistic speech;
• Judicial;
• Scientific.

Monologues can be unprepared and premeditated.

A public speech by one person is a speech. The classification of speech in this case is as follows:

1. Informational. A monologue serves as a tool for the transfer of knowledge. In this case, the speaker takes into account the intellectual capabilities of his listeners. This type includes lectures, reports, reports, reports.
2. Persuasive. Speech, which is addressed to emotions. In this case, the speaker takes into account the receptivity of his audience. This includes congratulations, parting words and other solemn speeches.
3. Arousing. Speech, which is aimed at encouraging listeners to act. This includes political statements, appeals or protests.

The most common type of public speaking is monologic speech. Classification of speech by degree of preparedness looks like this:

• Official;
• Unofficial.

A monologue from the point of view of psychology is somewhat more complicated than dialogue, especially for a speaker. To make the speech clear, understandable and boring, there are a number of requirements:

• A coherent presentation of thoughts;
• Consistent and intelligible speech;
• Observance of the language norms;
• Orientation on intellectual and other features of the audience;
• Need to take into account the mental state of students;
• Full control over oneself.

Written speech

The main difference between written and oral speech is the medium. In the first case it is a sheet of paper, a computer, in the second - air waves, through which the sound goes. However, the psychological component is much more significant.

Oral speech is a chain in which one word follows strictly the previous one. There is a special feature: when the next thought sounds, what was said before is already forgotten by the speaker and the listener. In a written speech, the reader can at any time go back and even look into the future lines of the message. The only exception here is material that is given in parts (a book consisting of several volumes, or a column in a newspaper, where one article follows from the previous one).

This feature provides certain advantages of written speech before oral. In addition, visualization of the text helps to assimilate the material completely, stopping and understanding in each of its paragraphs.

For the writer also has its advantages. At any time, the author can edit and correct his material, give it a clear structure, without worrying about the loss of important information. He has the opportunity to add aesthetics to his text, reread it and think about how this work will affect the reader, what impression it will produce. While the speaker speaking from the rostrum can not be sure that 100% of the information will be assimilated by the audience.

But, on the other hand, a person's written speech is a more complex process, requiring a special literate approach. Another difficulty is that the only means of expressiveness on the letter are punctuation, while in the oral version it is intonation, gestures, facial expressions, articulation.

The main examples of speeches on writing are books, the characters in which communicate through dialogues / polylogues, as well as substantive monologues.

Speaking

The basic initial form of oral speech is that which occurs in the form of conversation, conversation. Its name is called colloquial. Psychologically, this is the simplest form of speech. It does not need an expanded presentation, often the interlocutor in the process understands his opponent. In colloquial speech, the context plays an important role. Because thanks to him, the conversers can replace words by cutting down the spoken phrases.

This type of speech allows the use of nonliterary language. Here often there are jargon, neologisms, professionalisms, dialects and even obscene language.

Active Speech

Depending on the role of the listener, active and passive speech can be singled out. Classification of speech in this case depends on how the opponent's opponent behaves.

The one who listens, also makes an effort to understand what is being said to him and what thoughts are trying to convey to him. An interesting fact: when a person listens, he additionally scrolls everything he has heard in his head. Thanks to this, the spoken words circulate in consciousness. Outwardly, this does not appear. And the listener can be both active and absolutely indifferent. On the basis of which this classification of speech types is carried out, its active and passive forms are distinguished.

Active speech is very spontaneous, it comes from within. In this case, a person says out loud what comes to mind.

Passive speech

Passive speech is a form in which the listener repeats words for his interlocutor, usually inside himself. But there are times when this repetition breaks out, and the person follows his active opponent. The features of speech in this case are that the narrator very successfully copes with his mission, making an impression on the audience.

Kinetic speech

Speech through movements in humans has been preserved since ancient times. Initially, it was almost the only way to communicate and transmit important information. Since then, much has changed. Now the kinetic form of speech is used to enhance the effect. Gestures give the conversation expressiveness, set the listeners to the right harmony.

But today a group of people still use kinetic speech as the main means of communication. These are deaf-mute people, who need sign language for life. It is worth noting that since the time of the ancient man kinetic speech has been transformed, modernized and enriched.

External speech

This variety is directly related to the communication process. It does not matter whether the speaker participates in the polylogue or dialogue, or he pronounces a monologue, all this is a manifestation of external speech. In other words, its main feature is words that are spoken aloud. The role of speech in this case is to give an informational message to one person or group of people.

Inner speech

Inner speech is the core of a person's thinking, his conscious activity. In other words, it is a speech of a man who, except for him, no one hears. Sometimes during this process, various interjections or other exclamations break out. It can be determined that a person is puzzled with something and an eloquent dialogue (monologue) is conducted inside him.

Examples of speeches of this type are often encountered. Many people conduct internal dialogues, convincing themselves in something, proving something to themselves or simply encouraging them for certain actions.

Direct speech

Almost any literate conversation presupposes references to the primary sources of thoughts. So, to prove his case, the speaker is based on the opinions of great people, professionals in any field or any other authority. To confirm the authenticity of the words mentioned, they often use quotes or direct speech.

Any scientific work, presentation to the public, lecture, interview, etc., needs to quote authoritative sources. Direct speech is the best way to include such sources in the text.

In oral speech, the boundaries of the quotation are denoted by special words and are emphasized by intonation, in the written for this there are punctuation marks.

Speech Styles

Style refers to the historically established system of linguistic means, as well as the ways to organize them. Each sphere of human activity corresponds to a certain style of speech.

All of them are characterized by the following factors:

• The sphere in which the style is applied;
• main functions;
• Leading style features;
• Language features;
• Specific forms or genres.

The most common means of communication is speech. Classification of speech can be carried out also on styles. It is divided into book and colloquial. In turn, book speech is divided into four more common types: artistic, scientific, official-business and journalistic. Any of these styles is grammatical speech, which belongs to one or another field of activity.

Literary works that are rich in epithets, metaphors and other expressive means belong to the artistic.

To the journalistic style , articles and materials published on the pages of periodicals have an attitude. Here, the analytical nature of speech takes place.

Scientific style means articles, annotations, treatises, abstracts, textbooks, theses.

Official-business is the basis of documentation in every field of activity. It includes statements, reports, reports, explanatory notes, receipts, etc.

Classification of speech styles in each language looks the same. Only some of the features that each nation develops are due to its rich history and traditions.