Education, Languages
CPR with several subordinate clauses: examples
The syntax of the Russian language considers the structure of word combinations and sentences. In this case, the construction and punctuation of different types of complex sentences, especially with three or more predicative parts, usually causes a particular difficulty. Let's look at specific examples of the types of CPR with several subordinate clauses, the ways of linking the main and subordinate parts in them, the rules for putting punctuation in them.
Complicated sentences: definition
To express clearly the idea, we use various syntactic constructions. A complex sentence is characterized by the fact that two or more predicative parts are distinguished in it. They can be equivalent to each other or to enter into a relationship of dependence. The CPR is a proposal in which the subordinate part obeys the main and joins it with the help of subordinate unions and / or allied words. For example, " [Styopka was very tired by the evening], (WHY?) (As he went through at least ten kilometers a day) ." Here and below, the main part is denoted by square brackets , and the dependent part is round. Accordingly, in NGN with several subordinate clauses, at least three predicative parts are singled out, two of which will be dependent: " [Terrain, (WHAT?) (Which was being passed by now) was well known to Andrei Petrovich], (WHY? Good half of his childhood) . " It is important to correctly define the boundaries of simple sentences, where you need to put commas.
With a few subordinate clauses
The table with examples will help to determine what kinds of compound sentences are divided with three or more predicative parts.
Type subordination of the main part of the main | Example |
Sequential | The guys ran to the river with a runoff, the water in which has already warmed up enough, because the last days were incredibly hot. |
Parallel (heterogeneous) | When the speaker finished speaking, silence reigned in the hall, as the audience was shocked by what had been heard. |
Homogeneous | Anton Pavlovich said that reinforcements would soon arrive and that only a little patience was needed. |
With different types of subordination | Nastenka read the letter a second time, which trembled in her hands, and she thought that now she would have to give up her studies, that her hopes for a new life were not justified. |
Consistent submission
In the sentence " [The guys rushed to the river with a run], 1 (the water in which has already warmed up enough) 2 (because the last days were incredibly hot), " 3 we first distinguish three parts. Then, using questions, establish the semantic relationship: [... X ], (in which ... X ), (because ...). We see that the second part has become the main one for the third.
Let us give one more example. " [There was a vase with wildflowers on the table] (which the guys were collecting), (when we went to the forest for an excursion) ." The scheme of this CSE is similar to the first one: [... X ], (which ... X ), (when ...).
Thus, with homogeneous subordination, each subsequent part depends on the previous one. Such NGN with several subordinate clauses - examples of this confirm - resemble a chain where each subsequent link joins the one located in front.
Parallel (heterogeneous) subordination
In this case, all the subordinate ones refer to the main (to the whole part or the word in it), but answer different questions and differ in meaning. " (When the speaker finished speaking), 1 [silence fell in the hall], 2 (since the public was shocked by what was heard) 3 " . Let us analyze this with a number of subordinate clauses. Its outline will look like this: (when ...), [... X ], (since ...). We see that the first subordinate part (it stands in front of the main) denotes time, and the second - the cause. Consequently, they will answer different questions. The second example: " [Vladimir today certainly had to learn] 1 , (at what hour the train from Tyumen arrives) 2 (in time to meet a friend) 3 ". The first part is the explanatory, the second is the goal.
Homogeneous submission
This is the case when it is appropriate to draw an analogy with another well-known syntactic construction. For registration of PP with homogeneous members and such NGN with several subordinate clauses the rules are the same. Indeed, in the sentence " [Anton Pavlovich spoke of this], 1 (that reinforcements will soon arrive), 2 and that it is only necessary to suffer a little. " The auxiliary parts-the second and third-belong to the same word, they answer The question "what?" And both are explanatory. In addition, they are interconnected with the help of the union and , before which the comma is not put. Imagine this in the scheme: [... X ], (what ...) and (what ...).
In NGN with several subordinate clauses with homogeneous subordination among the subordinate parts, sometimes any compositional unions are used - punctuation rules will be the same as for the registration of homogeneous members - and the subordinate union in the second part may be completely absent. For example, " [He stood at the window for a long time and looked], 1 (how the cars drove up one by one to the other) 2 and (the workers unloaded construction materials) ."
SPP with several subordinate clauses with different types of subordination
Very often in the compound sentence, four or more parts are allocated. In this case, they can communicate with each other in different ways. Let's turn to the example given in the table: " [Nastenka read the letter a second time (which was trembling in her hands), 2 and thought] 1 (that now she would have to give up her studies) 3 (that her hopes for a new life did not materialize) 4 ". This sentence with parallel (heterogeneous) (П 1,2,3-4) and homogeneous (П 2,3,4) submission: [... Х , (which ...), ... Х ], (what ...), (what ... ). Or another option: " [All the way Tatyana was silent and only looked out the window] 1 , (behind which flashed small, closely located villages) 2 (where people were bustling) 3 and (the work was boiling) 4 )". This is a complex sentence with a sequential (П 1,2,3 и П 1,2,4) and homogeneous (П 2,3,4) submission: [... Х ], (for which ...), (where ...) and (... ).
Punctuation marks at the junction of alliances
To arrange punctuation in a complex sentence, it is usually sufficient to correctly define the boundaries of the predicative parts. Complexity, as a rule, represents the punctuation of the CPR with several subordinate clauses: examples of schemes: [... X ], (when, (which ...), ...) or [... X ], [... X ], (as (with ...), then ...) - when two subordinate unions (allied words) appear side by side. This is typical for consistent submission. In this case, you should pay attention to the presence of the second part of the double union in the proposal. For example, " [There was an open book on the couch] 1 , (which, (if there was time left), 3 Constantine would certainly have finished reading to the end)." The second option: " [I swear] 1 , (that (when I return from the trip home) 3 , then I will visit you and tell everything in detail) ." When working with such NGN with several subordinate clauses the following rules. If the second subordinate can be excluded from the sentence without detriment to the meaning, the comma between the unions (and / or allied words) is put, if not - absent. Let's return to the first example: " [On the couch lay the book] 1 , (which needed to be finished in time to read) 2 " . In the second case, with the exception of the second clause, the grammatical structure of the sentence will be violated by the word "then".
Should remember
A good assistant in the development of the CPR with a few subordinates - exercises, the implementation of which will help to consolidate the acquired knowledge. It is better to act on the algorithm.
- Carefully read the sentence, identify the grammatical basis in it and indicate the boundaries of the predicative parts (simple sentences).
- Allocate all means of communication, not forgetting the composite or used by some unions.
- Establish semantic links between parts: to do this, first find the main, then ask from it the question (s) to the subordinate (s).
- Construct a scheme, showing it the arrows of the dependence of the parts on each other, place punctuation marks in it. Transfer commas to the recorded sentence.
Thus, attentiveness in constructing and analyzing (including punctuation) a complex sentence - an SPP with a few clauses specifically - and reliance on the above features of this syntactic structure will ensure the correct execution of the proposed tasks.
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