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Culture of Written Language: Russian

The culture of oral and written speech is a reflection of the thoughts and opinions of a person in the form of sounds or in graphic representation. The creation of signs depicting elements of sounding required a lot of time. There was a formation of writing. Oral speech arose much earlier than its graphic display. And this is quite understandable. The written form, as a rule, is addressed to a person who is absent at the moment. The writer does not have the opportunity to say something directly to his reader, and therefore he appeals to him through the text. The culture of written speech was born simultaneously with the formation of society, the socialization of man.

Literary language

It is necessary to distinguish the concept of literary language from the way of presentation used in the creation of works of art. The latter term is more capacious. The basis for writing such texts is the use of the literary language adopted in society, but its very concept differs and finds its reflection in the fact that the artistic devices in the work are deeply imbued with metaphorical turns with the numerous uses of beautiful forms of speech. The most important function of a word is the presentation of thought and the communication of knowledge in various fields. At the same time, the literary language is aesthetic and contains in itself the use of spoken phrases, as well as various dialects.

The literary language is the element through which, along with economic, political, social factors, the unity of the nation is created. This is a kind of code of communication between people of one or different cultures.

Speaking and book speech

The literary language has two forms: written and oral. At the same time, as a communication between people, both book and colloquial interpretations are presented. In oral speech, both literary and oral form can be used, depending on the person's perception of himself in society, his habits, upbringing, personal norms of behavior. In this case, written speech is displayed most often in book form. It is the sphere of communication that determines the choice of linguistic material, which forms and determines the types of presentation.

Book speech is widely used in political, legislative, scientific spheres of communication, as well as in conversational form at official meetings and celebrations, when appealing to higher-ranking employees, in family or household settings. At the same time, this form of speech is always built according to the established norms of the literary language, the main rule of which is the existence of logically related proposals, differing in a clear statement of thoughts and having an ending. Book speech does not allow sharp jumps from one thought, not brought to its logical conclusion, to another.

Scientific terminology, official business vocabulary are widely used. Most words do not have a clear restriction or distribution between spoken, oral, written speech. They are widely used in various forms and are generally accepted. Thus, a background is created, which logically shades out the special vocabulary for this or that form of exposition.

The concept of a culture of speech

The culture of oral and written speech is a concrete and correct display of the properties of the language and its capabilities in the context of everyday communication. As a rule, it presupposes the presence of a high level of general education and cultural development in a person, as well as the development of his thinking and cognitive sphere. The culture of written speech is a representation of the intended meaning using literary language and technical terms when presenting material to a potential listener.

Culture of speech as a science

The culture of speech as a science is closely connected with various linguistic and non-linguistic directions. Also its connection with lexicology and semasiology is obvious. Among the linguistic sciences, the influence of the course of the modern Russian language is widespread , which is fundamental for studying the norms of literary exposition in all its derivations. It is useful to use the communicative qualities of speech, as well as its accuracy and consistency. The correlation of such qualities with the semantic compatibility enriches the language used in writing.

The culture of the teacher's written speech will differ from the presentation methods used by the director of the commercial organization, however the fundamentals and the main rules will be identical in both cases.

The features of interaction are observed between the culture of speech and lexicography. A lot of special dictionaries and manuals covering this problem have been created on this subject. In turn, a close interlacing with the stylistics, studying the functioning of language tools and assessing the qualitative aspects of their use, explains the appropriateness of using certain elements, utterances, and the use of different styles. The culture of written speech includes knowledge of such linguistic disciplines as sociology, logic, ethics, psychology, aesthetics, pedagogy, and literary criticism. The influence not only of the philosophical sciences, but also of the technical ones, is constantly being tracked, due to the emergence of new discoveries.

The modern theory of the culture of speech

The culture of written speech is a concept that is very broad, including many sciences and knowledge. The normative aspect plays a very important role here. Also, the modern society and the norms adopted in it have a huge influence on the development of this discipline. Thus, the books created at the beginning of the 20th century, such as Chernyshev's "Purity and Correctness of Russian Speech," are now irrelevant because of the use of the dialect of that time and the special word forms inherent in this era.

The introduction of new words, terms and concepts also inseparably follows the introduction of corrections to the concept of the literary language of our time. Thus, the culture of written speech, the Russian language and society step together. Their existence is inextricably linked with the use of previously accepted word forms and turns, but today they may seem pretentious and even unacceptable for use. Moving in step with technological progress, the literary language is undergoing changes in the field of mastering the new terminology and its wide application.

Today, the culture of a written speech of a business person in any field of knowledge is full of many new words and phrases inherent in the current level of technological progress and the terms used, sometimes coming from other languages and cultures.

Official and business style

The culture of a business written speech is a combination of various linguistic devices and means that are used in the service sphere of official business relations. So, this refers to a wide range of formal business relations, in various situations using documentary processing of incoming information. The breadth of the application of such a science presupposes the existence of different business styles:

  • Official-business (or clerical);
  • Legal;
  • Diplomatic.

They are closely intertwined, but they have a number of differences that reflect the purpose and methods of achieving it. When using the diplomatic style, the main task is to negotiate, the etiquette nature of such relations.

The legal style includes the language of legislation and regulations, in which there are many enumerations of various conditions and circumstances leading to the onset of liability.

The official and business style of speech expresses the specific features of linguistic turns that satisfy the needs of understanding and presenting data for all participants and stakeholders.

At the same time, the culture of a written speech of a lawyer, for example, may include the use of a legal style, and in some situations where it is necessary to achieve a treaty unity, the use of a diplomatic style. Rarely is used only one of the styles in the professional and any other of the activities of one person.

Language norms for drafting documents

The culture of written speech and the rules for the processing of official documents and normative acts are inextricably linked with requisites bearing constant information, and presuppose a simple substitution of data relating to a particular situation or person. For different legal documents, permanent categories are applied that are accepted in the business community, as well as legally confirmed.

Substitution of variables of elements contained in business texts, extends the range of searching for the possibilities of their display, application. In this case, there may be some difficulties associated mainly with the correctness of the choice of the vocabulary used, its forms and interpretation, the transfer of the substance of the question, and the selection of grammatical means capable of conveying the business style of the text and its meaning through language constructs. At the same time, terms that are suitable not only for interpreting certain processes or properties are widely used, but also addressed to physical, legal persons in speech turnover peculiar to business style.

Speech etiquette

Speech etiquette involves the use and application of certain ceremonial, regulations, as well as compliance with diplomatic protocols. Adherence to such norms is accepted at the reference to officials of all ranks, lawyers, doctors, guards of an order, the employees occupying higher posts.

The culture of written speech and administrative speech etiquette presupposes an appeal to a partner or interlocutor using specific speech turns. This is especially important in personal communication with the senior in rank. As a rule, there are a number of restrictions on the use of certain words and their combinations, which carry an aggressive or negative coloring, and obligatory are the display of due respect and reference to the position held. More often detailed rules of observance of speech etiquette are required at a greeting and farewell, expression of gratitude or apology, congratulation or the personal reference, requests.

Unlike many Western languages, in Russian there are two pronouns - "you" and "you", which clearly define the social position of the person to whom the appeal is directed, as well as the nature of relations between people, the presence of an official in their communication. Thus, the use of the form of treatment for "you" can put in an embarrassing situation both the addressee and the writer himself, as it inflicts an insult to the person and expresses an encroachment on human dignity.

Correctness of speech

The grammatical system of words perceives various social factors and possesses sufficient resistance to them. Following the rules in many ways defines such a concept as the "culture of written speech." The Russian language is rich in many grammatical rules, but at the same time, their abundance covers all possible variants of their application in any situations and turns.

The literary norms of grammar, unlike other levels of the linguistic system, are easily amenable to regulation. They are widely studied, have their own coding system. However, they are also subject to change under the influence of historical events, but are more stable, in contrast to such sciences as word formation.

The richness of the culture of speech

The level of speech culture and its written exposition largely depends not only on knowledge, accepted norms, rules of logic, but also on mastering by each individual person the inexhaustible riches of the language and the ability to freely use them in the process of writing out his thoughts. Russian language has long been recognized as one of the richest. Its latitude is calculated by the reserves of lexical and phraseological turns, as well as by the semantic coloration of each individual element and by the immense possibilities of their application.

Also noted are the richness of phonetics, the possibilities of combinations of various word forms, the variety of lexical, grammatical, phraseological synonyms and variants, the compilation of complex constructions that transmit intonation of speech. All this abundance allows the writer to express the most delicate moods and meanings, emotional shades of transmitted information. Skilfully addressing the Russian words, you can convey the sound of music, shades of colors, sounds and noises, the brightness and unusualness of fantasies and dreams, of any natural phenomena and human feelings in their entire palette.

The culture of written speech, its richness in a single individual is determined by the amount of linguistic means with which it is acquainted and can freely handle, composing speech, capable of conveying in each specific situation the subtleties of the question or topic under discussion. The richness of speech is determined by the abundance of the use of various means and ways of expressing the same concept with the use of different forms having an excellent origin. The use of word-formation by adding prefixes, endings, suffixes to the root of the word reveals almost unlimited possibilities for the appearance in speech of new expressions conveying another or more exact mood, meaning.

In essence, the culture of written speech - what is it? This is a competent, timely use of literary phrases and the ability to clearly state their thoughts. It's an opportunity to bring them to absolutely any listener.

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