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What are parts of speech, how are they determined? What part of the speech answers the question "what?"

Parts of speech are groups of words that have certain characteristics - lexical, morphological and syntactic. Each group can be assigned specific, specific only to her, questions.

Main and service parts of speech

All parts of speech are divided into two large groups - independent (significant) and official. The main difference between them is that the former have the ability to name objects and actions, while the latter only indicate the relationship between them. Independent words can form phrases and sentences, and service words provide their connections in syntactic constructions. If there can not be a text without independent words, then this text will not be coherent without official words. To significant (independent) parts of speech include nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs, participles, gerunds, adverbs, pronouns. A group of service words is a union, a preposition, a particle, an interjection.

How to determine the part of speech?

Usually this is helped by the question that we ask to the word. For example, let's take the words "space" and "man." What? - Space, who? - human. These are the questions that are asked for the noun. This part of speech calls the subject, has several characteristic morphological features, such as animate, nominal, gender, declension, case, number. In sentences the noun most often plays the role of the subject and the complement, but it can also be the nominal part of the composite predicate.

What part of speech is the category of words to which questions of action are asked - what to do (do)? In the sentence "The man studies space," the first word is a noun and fulfills the mission of the subject. To the second word, we ask the question: what does a person do? - mastering. This is the verb that in the sentence performs the task of the predicate. The verb in Russian describes the action of the object, has the characteristic morphological properties: time, pledge, kind, gender, inclination, face, conjugation, transitivity.

Next, consider what part of the speech answers the question "what?". This name is an adjective, the meaning of which is the description of the feature of the object or person. Let us give an example: "A man is mastering an immense cosmos". In this sentence, the feature of the object characterizes the word "immense", answering the question "what?". This adjective in this sentence plays the role of a definition.

The adjective also has its own morphological characteristics, these are the degrees of comparison, short and full of form, declination, number, gender, case, category by value.

However, the adjective is not the only part of the speech that answers the question "what?". In the Russian language there are three more categories of words to which the same question is asked. We will get to know them closer.

Participle

This is an independent part of speech, some linguists call a special form of the verb, others are called a verbal adjective, and others are called a mixed part of speech. Communion combines the properties of both the adjective and the verb. It characterizes the feature of the object in action (procedural attribute), expressing it as not constant, but changing in time. Let's check: a kitten (what?) Playing, an encyclopedia (what?) Walking, a watchman (what?) Dozing, summer (what?) Is full of events, etc. What part of the speech answers the question "what?" In these examples? Of course, this is the sacrament, which borrowed grammatical attributes from the name of the adjective (genus, case, number, full and short form) and the verb (kind, time, pledge, transitivity, recurrence).

The syntactic role of participles is usually reduced to a definition, in a concise form the participle is part of a composite predicate, and in the participial turnover this part of the speech can play the role of any secondary member.

Pronoun

Another part of the speech answers the question "what?"? This is a pronoun whose task is not to name an object or attribute, but to point to it. This part of speech is capable of changing according to cases, by numbers, by birth. It is known that in the Russian language there are nine lexical-semantic categories of pronouns. It should be remembered that the question "what?" Can be asked not to all of them.

The demonstrative pronouns

They distinguish among others a particular attribute, quantity or object. Examples:

  • "This (what?) This house, where I spent my childhood."
  • "Turning left, you will see (what?) The same square."
  • "It was (what?) That night remembered me more than others."

Definitive pronouns

They point to a generalized sign of persons and objects. Examples:

  • "I think (what?) Everyone wants the best."
  • "Choose (what?) Any tool."

Relative Pronouns

This group acts as union words, tying the subordinate clause to the main one. Examples:

  • "The garden, (what?) Which was broken near the house, was wonderful."
  • "Magic dreams, (what?) That I dreamed of in a foreign land, gave the illusory joy of meeting with the homeland."

In the sentence, these pronouns serve as definitions.

Numeral

Also have to do with which part of the speech answers the question "what?", Ordinal numerals. To the words "first, third, tenth, hundredth", etc., ask the questions "which?" Or "what?". Examples:

  • "To my (what?) Second hand the interlocutors showed special interest."
  • "Every (which?) Tenth lot of goods turned out to be defective."

Finally

Let us summarize what has been said and highlight the main point. What part of the speech characterizes the object from the point of view of its constant sign and qualities? Only adjective. However, the questions "what?", "What?", "Which?" Are assigned to other significant parts of speech: participles, some pronouns, ordinal numerals.

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