There are several answers to the question "what is rake"? A word that is multivalued, which only has two meanings in the field of spectacular arts. First of all, this is the theatrical gallery, mentioned by AS Pushkin in the novel "Eugene Onegin", which always differed in democratic mores from a swaggering parterre. While in the first rows and boxes they lornet each other, examining and discussing the outfits, "impatiently splash in the district office", demanding the beginning of the performance.
Variety of concepts
The morals that the theater rival possessed were also described by A. P. Chekhov in the story for the children "Kashtanka". Galery - this is the cheapest and therefore affordable to many places, located high-high "under the sky." Hence one of the variants of the name - somewhere near paradise. And in the translation from the French language paradis, the so-called gallery is called "paradise", so the ryok in the theater is a cheap, top place. But there was another ryok, loved by the audience, fairground. It was a box with a thick (magnifying) glass, in the people it was called "bellied", looking into which the viewer could watch mobile pictures with content on a particular topic. It is clear that initially the content of the pictures was only religious. Then there is a second version of the title: all the stories set the audience on a righteous lifestyle, the ultimate goal of which is getting into paradise. The puppet theater puppet theater, or den, also called the district committee. There are several more explanations of what a ryok is. This term was called faceted glass, by analogy with "with a puffy". And then a prism showing objects in rainbow colors. And already by its identity with it the name was fixed behind the eye iris, which is a membrane with a pupil-pupil. A lot of meanings in olden times had this word, almost come out now from everyday life.
Fair action
At one time, both the puppet theater puppetry and the box with the convex glass were very popular among the people also because, as a rule, they were accompanied, especially the mobile pictures, with cheerful comments, comic jokes, rhymed, often sarcastic jokes. This is later, when the religious theme was completely superseded by everyday subjects. There were, of course, and themed shows devoted to major cities in the world, but the stories from the surrounding life, shown during the festivities, enjoyed special success. So the question "what is a ryok" is quite appropriate may be the answer: amusing fairground panorama. And poems and jokes, commentaries of the restshnika, even became a certain genre of folk art, which was later very successfully applied by VV Mayakovsky in his "Growth Windows". In fact, the text accompanying the display of pictures, questions of the public and the responses of the audience, which took into account that waiting for the turn of the audience also need to "warm up" so that they do not get bored, was a comment on the most topical topics.
Rajok as informer
In this regard, the question "what is rake" can be answered that this is an oral newspaper. Therefore, so great was the popularity of these panoramas in the people throughout the XIX century. These ideas arose according to the example of the western booths, brought to Russia from the last third of the XVIII century. But if the foreign guest performers used only biblical stories or "Paradise action" in their shows, the Russian rajk did not bypass such epic heroes as Ilya Muromets and Mikula Selyaninovich. Later satire was directed at statesmen - Napoleon and Bismarck, at popular in those days people - Suvorov and Stenka Razin, even the dancer Fanny Elstler. Very popular in the people were stories about the glory of Russian weapons. The need for comment was also due to the fact that the viewing window was small, and not everyone could read to disassemble the text under the pictures. On the shoulders of raeshnik lay the responsible task of making the action flamboyant. Therefore, they usually became a man more than gifted with artistic talent.
Synthesis of Arts
Not only did he have to be able to speak in different voices, he had to be able to imitate animals' voices, the sound of rain and wind, be able to respond wittily to cues, possess a certain amount of knowledge, including everything valuable in Russian folklore. That is, the presenter synthesized many kinds of art, and this viewing accompaniment had a definite name - "racy". Along with emotional, they were also deliberately impassive. To attract the public, all methods were used: rolls, songs, poems and jokes. Raeshnik had to perfectly possess the gift of improvisation, be able to change the text depending on the public, in order to be popular among all sections of the population. In addition, often, if not always, the owners of the districts were the offices. This term has a lot of synonyms: they are peddlers and jobbers, job seekers and picture-makers, salespeople, mastegi and evils. That is, the shopkeeper peddled popular prints on the topic of the action shown and other goods. There is evidence that it was their work that contributed to a powerful burst of popular art. As a satirical act, these panoramas were so popular that they became household names. So, some opuses of art figures, ridiculing opponents, were called district councils. The most famous was the "Rajok" Modest Mussorgsky, written by him in 1870 and ridiculing the detractors of the "Mighty Handful", to which the composer belonged. Then, using his experience, from 1948 to 1968, Dmitri Shostakovich wrote his satire, aimed at condemning the formalism in music, entitled "Anti-formalistic ryok".