Transport-geographic position of Russia: features, pros and cons. Economic and transport-geographical position of Russia

Russia is considered the largest state in the world. The northern mainland is the Chelyuskin (Taimyr Peninsula), the Fligeli (Rudolph Island), an island. The extreme west is the site on the Sandy Spit near Kaliningrad (in the Baltic Sea), on the east - Dezhnev (Chukotka).

Specificity of the territory

The length of the borders has a significant impact on the economic, transport and geographic location of Russia. Almost the entire territory of the state is located in the Eastern Hemisphere. A large length of the country causes a time difference of 10 hours. In sparsely populated areas and on seas, the boundaries of time zones pass along the meridians. In densely populated areas, they coincide with the administrative boundaries of the subjects. The total length of the Russian border is 60,000 km. Of these, 40 thousand km are considered marine. They pass 22.7 km from the coastline. 370 km from the mainland and the islands are the boundaries of the economic maritime zone of the country. Within its limits, shipping is allowed to any countries. Extraction of natural water resources and mineral resources is made exclusively by the Russian Federation.

Northern borders

They pass along the seas of the Arctic Ocean: the Barents, Kara, East Siberian, the Laptev Sea. All but the first, are covered throughout the year by drifting ice. In this regard, transportation of goods by them is significantly hampered. Within the Arctic Ocean is the Russian sector of the Arctic. All its islands belong to the Russian Federation, with the exception of a few from the Spitsbergen archipelago.

West and East

The eastern borders were drawn along the waters of the Pacific Ocean and the Okhotsk, Bering, and Japanese seas. Sakhalin Island is separated from Fr. Hokkaido Strait of La Perouse. The Sea of Japan does not freeze, which provides a transport link with its immediate neighbors. With the waters of the Baltic Sea, the Russian Federation joins Germany, the Baltic countries, Poland, and Sweden. The northern part of the water area freezes in some areas, but on others it does not. The Baltic Sea provides transport links with many Western European countries. In the south-west, the sea border passes through the Black and Azov Seas. Small along the length of the line also go along the Caspian Sea.

Transport and geographic position of Russia (grade 9)

Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, the country had 4 main outlets to the world's oceans:

1. Black Sea.
2. The North Sea.
3. Pacific.
4. Baltic.

After the collapse of the USSR, independent states were formed, the CIS was created. The transport and geographical position of Russia has changed significantly. To put it briefly, the collapse of the Union significantly limited the possibilities for the country to independently exit to the main trade routes. In particular, this is observed in the Black and Baltic Seas. This, in turn, affected the geopolitical situation.

Ports

The transport-geographic position of Russia today is quite complicated. The country has actually become divorced from the Baltic states. Today, the largest international port in the west is St. Petersburg. It provides a network of internal routes, which fan out in different directions from him. Kaliningrad and Vyborg ports are characterized by less power and congestion. In the Black Sea-Azov basin there are also a number of problems. In this area there are two ports - Tuapse and Novorossiysk. Through them, oil is exported and grain is imported. But in these ports there are no berths for loading piece goods and containers. The transport-geographic position of Russia is also complicated by the fact that in the south and north-west there are no seaside areas suitable for the construction of port berths without limiting expenses.

The Northern Way

The current transport and geographical position of Russia substantially limits the sea connection with the states of the West through the Black and Baltic Seas. Along with this, the role of the northern ports increases. This path is associated with a high-latitude sufficiently risky seafaring. Nevertheless, at the present time the issue of increasing the capacity of the northern ports is rather acute. Turning this route into a major highway took decades. So, in 1932 from Murmansk to the Bering Strait, and in 1935 - the icebreaker "Sibiryakov" passed without wintering to Vladivostok. Regular swimming began in 1937. The ships needed about a month to overcome distances. Navigation on the northern route goes 4 months. This highway connects the Far Eastern and European ports, the mouths of Siberian rivers. It should be noted that in the region of Siberia, there are practically no other transport routes. In this regard, the importance of the northern highway will only increase.

Far East

The transport and geographic position of Russia, which has changed since the times of the USSR , the advantages and disadvantages of which, with a detailed examination of each region, become obvious, forcing the government to reorient efforts towards the development of remote areas. This, in particular, is due to the weak development of the Far East direction. And in this region there are advantages. One of the most important advantages of the Far East is the availability of exits to the water area of the Pacific Ocean. If this direction is developed, it is possible to significantly improve the transport and geographical position of Russia. Pros and cons of the current situation in the Far East are conditioned not only by internal, but also by external factors. So, there are still claims to Japan over the islands.

Railway

Features of the transport-geographic position of Russia are manifested not only in the development of sea routes. The existing difficulties today are connected with the operation of railway transport. Examples of the transport-geographic position of Russia in the Soviet and present time vividly testify to this. So, in the years of the USSR, 25 railway intersections were concentrated on the western borders. Today, the Russian Federation has only 3:

1. From the Kaliningrad region to Poland and to Brest.
2. With Finland.
3. From St. Petersburg to Grodno.

The disadvantages of the transport and geographic position of Russia are also evident in the sphere of motor transport. Moving along highways is quite costly for the country. To date, there is a significant limited capacity of railways and highways, as well as sea and river ports.

EGP and transport-geographical position of Russia

To determine the place that the country occupies in comparison with other states, its position on large economic, cultural centers is analyzed. According to these indicators, the transport-geographic situation in Russia is assessed. The analysis uses different scales:

1. Macro level. It describes the country's position on a global, global scale in relation to the continents, key centers of the international economy and politics, and transport routes.
2. Meso level. He characterizes the country in relation to groups of states forming historical regions (Asia-Pacific Region, South Asia).
3. The micro-level. On this scale, the transport-geographic position of Russia relative to the border countries is analyzed.

The geopolitical position shows the place of the state on the political map of the planet. The state is characterized by the state of the economy at the economic level. For comparison, the key economic centers of the world are taken. EGP is determined by the transport-geographical position.

Meso level

In connection with the changing geopolitical situation, migration flows arose. With the collapse of the USSR in Russia, the redistribution of labor began. Intermediate migration flows began to settle in the Urals and the Volga region. A fairly large percentage remained in the Krasnodar and Stavropol regions. Together with migration, the military began redeployment to the border areas. Significant changes are noted in the market position of the regions relative to trade partners, industrial centers, transport routes.

Area groups

Today, regions are allocated with favorable conditions for the implementation of economic activities. There are areas and with some difficulties for the work of economic entities. The first include those that are within the zones of influence of the main federal transport hubs: Moscow and the region, coastal areas, Sverdlovsk, Perm region. and so on. The second group includes the regions located in the interior of the country: the Volga-Vyatka District, Western and Eastern Siberia, the Magadan Region, the Komi Republic and other peripheral territories.

Geopolitical priorities

According to historians, the USSR was in the biopolar world (America-NATO, the Soviet Union-the organization of the Warsaw Agreement). After the disintegration, the geopolitical position of the Russian Federation changed . The world was gradually multipolar. In its policy, Russia should not be guided by any one group of countries. At present, ties are important not only with the CIS countries. For Russia, the priority area today is the establishment of cooperation with all countries in whose markets it is possible to profitablely sell their products and purchase relevant products. The state has to rely on those powers that give the opportunity to get the maximum effect from external relations. Different priorities were previously associated with many circumstances that were then relevant. Today the situation has changed. Accordingly, priorities were reoriented. They are aimed at:

1. The countries of Southern and Western Europe. Strong ties established with Germany.
2. States of Eastern Europe. With them, Russia plans to update and improve cooperation.
3. Asia-Pacific countries (India, China, Japan, Korea).

Changes in the geopolitical situation caused a number of negative consequences. At present, foreign trade with the states of the western and southern hemisphere is carried out through the CIS countries. This significantly complicates the transport operations and the operation of the international fuel and energy complex.

Conclusion

At present, Russia still acts as one of the largest exporters of raw materials. At the same time, the country is also an importer of investment and consumer products in world trade. However, the "raw material model," which brought a certain income, can not fully ensure the rapid and sustainable development of the state. This is mainly due to the depletion of existing fields, the lack of sufficient funding for the development of new deposits, the deterioration of technological equipment, obsolescence of mining and processing technologies. One of the priorities for the country today, according to experts, is participation in multilateral projects of an international scale. Russia is now quite actively involved in the system of the global division of labor. However, this process is accompanied by both positive and negative results. Plus, the fact that the state has the opportunity to buy on the international market the necessary goods and services at quite affordable prices is a plus. Along with this, the country is also an exporter. And if external prices are lower than domestic prices, the effect of this activity will be negative. With all the existing difficulties, the state conducts a qualitatively new policy. At the same time, the advantages of geographical location are actively used. Today, the country is in the top ten states that signed a treaty of cooperation at the international level with the Baltic powers. A similar agreement also applies to the Black Sea regions.