The scheme of a complex sentence. Complex sentences: examples with unions

In order to correctly arrange punctuation marks, the scheme of a complex sentence must be correctly drawn up. Only it will help to understand difficult cases of statement of commas, dashes and colons. Moreover, its schematic execution also helps to characterize a complex syntactic unit correctly. The questions of syntax and punctuation are included in the tasks of the USE and GIA, therefore it is absolutely necessary to be able to visualize the composition of a complex sentence. How to do it right? Let's look at this article.

The notion of a complex sentence

It is necessary to define the complex sentence as such. This is the most complex syntactic unit, which has several simple ones. Thus, such a proposal has at least two grammatical bases. They can be related to each other in different ways:

• Subordinate unions and allied words.
• Writer's unions.
• Unaffiliated.
• Within a single syntactic unit, different types of communication can be observed.

Accordingly, complex sentences in Russian are determined by the type of communication within them. They will be called complex, compound, non-union and with different types of communication, respectively.

Offer Scheme: Highlights

The scheme of a complex sentence requires special attention. In fact, it is necessary to explain the statement of all punctuation marks. Thus, the algorithm for its compilation can be represented as follows:

1. Select the grammatical basis and determine the number of parts.
2. Identify the type of connection of parts within a sentence. It must be remembered that subordination is denoted by parentheses, the main part, the cohesive and bondless connections - square.
3. Identify the secondary members of the proposal, see if they are homogeneous among them. The latter are also necessary in the expanded scheme. It should be remembered that particles, unions of syntactic function do not play. Prepositions refer to those members of the sentence with which the grammatical link is composed.
4. See how each part is complicated (isolated definitions, circumstances, introductory words and constructions, homogeneous terms).
5. In a complex sentence, determine the type of subordination: parallel or sequential.

Complex sentence and its scheme

We will analyze everything on a concrete example: In the summer sky, a rippling rippling of clouds, small clouds began to gather, and a cool rain froze.

To begin with, we prove that this sentence is really complicated. He has two foundations: clouds (subject 1), began to assemble (predicate 2); The rain (subject 2), froze (the predicate 2). The parts are joined by the union and, accordingly, the sentence is compound.

We work with the first part: in the sky - a circumstance expressed by a noun with a preposition; Summer - definition, expressed by the adjective; Small - definition, expressed by the adjective. This part is complicated by the isolated definition of the rippling rippling of clouds, it is expressed by participial turnover.

The second part has only one secondary term, the definition is cool. It is not complicated in any way. Thus, the scheme of a complex sentence will look like this:

[X, | Po, |, - =], [u = -]

In this scheme, the sign X denotes the word to be determined, to which the isolated definition belongs.

The scheme will help to distinguish a compound sentence from a simple one with homogeneous predicates, joined by a union and. Compare: In the summer sky, the rippling rippling of clouds, small clouds began to gather and to cover the horizon. Here there are only homogeneous predicates: they began to gather, to cover up. They are connected by the union and.

Complex sentence and its scheme

Complex sentences in Russian with a subordinate link have unequal parts: the main and the subordinate. To define them is quite simple: in the latter there is always a subordinating union or an allied word. Such schemes of a complex sentence are interesting enough. Examples will be discussed below. The fact is that the subordinate part can stand at the beginning, end of the sentence and even break the main one.

When the Cossack raised his hand and shouted, a shot rang out. The sentence is complex: Cossack - subject 1; Raised, shouted - predicates 1; Shot - subject 2; The predicate was heard. 2. The parts are joined by the union when, it is subordinate, so the sentence is compound. In this case, the clause begins the sentence. Let us prove this. First, it contains an alliance, and secondly, it is easy to ask the question: did the shot come (when?) When the Cossack raised his hand. In the scheme, the adjunct part is enclosed in parentheses. In addition, the subordinate part is complicated by homogeneous predicates (they are also indicated graphically). The scheme of the complex sentence will look like this: (when - = and =), [= -].

Another option, when a complex sentence begins with the main part: A shot was heard when the Cossack raised his hand and cried. [= -], (when - = and =).

Complicated sentences: special cases

The greatest difficulty is represented by the complex sentences that have been ripped apart. Examples with alliances now disassemble. Smoke from the fires, in which they threw everything, to tears, corroded the eyes. The grammatical basis of the main part: smoke - the subject, corroded - the predicate. In the subordinate part there is only a predicate thrown. The grammatical basis of the main part is torn apart by the subordinate clause with the union word which. Accordingly, the scheme will be as follows: [-, (at which =), =].

Another example: A hut for several years, where we decided to stop, was on the very edge of the village. The main part: the subject - the hut, the predicate - was located; It is complicated by participial trafficking, which is not isolated. Approximate part: subject - we, the predicate - decided to stop. The scheme is as follows: [| poo | -, (where - =), =].

Scheme of an all-union complex sentence

We examined the coherent and subordinate complex sentences. Examples with unions are not the only ones. There is also a connection of the parts exclusively in meaning, unconditioned. Here the correct scheme is especially important, because in such proposals, along with commas, a semicolon, dash or colon can be used. Their choice depends on the semantic and grammatical relations. It should be remembered that parts of the union offer are equivalent and are denoted by square brackets. Let's analyze the examples.

1. The wind howled even more; Rats rumbled even louder in their burrows. This is a complex proposal, consists of two parts: in the first base the wind howled, in the second - the rats ran. According to the rule, if in other parts there are still punctuation marks, it is required to put a semicolon with an associationless connection. In the second part there is a separate definition, separated by a comma. The scheme will look like this: [- =]; [= -, | po] |].
2. In the house all day there was a fuss: servicemen kept on chattering, princesses tried on dresses, adults checked the readiness for the holiday with excitement. In this proposal there are four parts with an unrelated link. The grammatical bases are as follows: the vanity (subject) was (the predicate), the servants (the subject) scurried (the predicate), the princesses (subject) tried on (the predicate), the adults (subject) checked (the predicate). The first sentence is explained by the subsequent ones, therefore it is necessary to put a colon. The scheme is as follows: [= -]: [= -], [- =], [- =].
3. You will read in childhood - books will become true friends for life. Let us prove that the proposition is complex. Here are two grammatical bases: you will be (a predicate), books (subject) will become friends (a predicate). In this case, a dash is required, because the second part contains a consequence from the first. The scheme is simple: [=] - [- =].

Different types of communication in a complex sentence

Studying a complex sentence in the school (grade 8), there are various types of communication within the same sentence. Let us analyze the construction of a circuit of this construction.

Souvenirs purchased during the trip were associated with some history, and every trinket had a long pedigree, but among all these rare things there would not be one that would be worth attention in itself. (B. Garth)

In this proposal there are 4 parts, connected by a coherent and subordinate connection. The first - the souvenirs (subject) were connected (the predicate), the second - the trinket (subject) had (the predicate), the third - was not found (only the predicate), the fourth one (the union word, subject) would be worth attention (predicate). Between the first and second parts of the writing connection, in addition, the first is a detached definition; Between the second and third is also a coherent, between the third and fourth subordinate. The scheme will be: [-, | po [], =], [a- =], [but =], (which =).

Characteristic of a complex sentence

The characteristic of the offer must be continuous from the scheme. In it it is necessary to indicate what it is for the purpose of utterance and intonation, and then it is necessary to describe each of the parts: composition (single or binary), prevalence, complete or not, and what is complicated. Let's take as an example the proposal, the scheme of which was made in the previous section. It is narrative, non-exculpatory. The first part: two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by a separate definition, expressed participial turnover; The second part: two-part, common, complete, is not complicated in any way; The third part: one-part (impersonal), common, complete, is not complicated in any way; The fourth part: two-part, widespread, complete, is not complicated in any way.