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Practical work on the Russian language: functional-semantic types of speech

Language as a means of communication and information transfer has two main forms - monologue and dialogue. Each of them has its own differential characteristics and identification characteristics. The monologic form, depending on the purpose of the message, its content and the way the material is presented, is divided into three functional-semantic types.

Types of speech and their classification

In linguistics such functionally-semantic types of speech as description, reasoning, narrative are distinguished. Narration and description are related to events, actions, objects and their attributes, and reasoning reflects the processes of thinking and is associated with concepts and judgments. In the text, each type is rarely represented in its pure form. Usually when speaking or writing, the types of text in Russian appear in a mixed version, for example, a description with elements of reasoning or narration with elements of description.

Description

Description - this is a kind of text, whose task - to depict any object, phenomenon, a person comprehensively, with all its distinctive features. Here attention is drawn to its shape and dimensions, and color characteristics are given. The description is more static in terms of developments than other types of text. If this functional-semantic type of speech is presented in the form of a formula, we get: description = 1 sign + 2 sign + 3 sign, etc.

A vivid example of the text-description are the portrait characteristics of the heroes of the works. In them, the authors not only describe the appearance, but also indicate some characteristic features of the personality, through which the psychological type of this or that image is looked through through the external appearance.

The description usually contains a large number of "descriptive" parts of speech: adjectives, participles, adverbs, and gerunds. Often there are expressive language means: metaphors and epithets. Other functional-semantic types of speech can not boast of such a variety. The image is a distinctive feature of the description.

Narrative

The very lexical meaning of the word "narrative" indicates that this type of text is intended to describe any events or phenomena in development. This is a story with a sequential presentation of something that has a beginning, develops in time and ends. The word "consistent" here is of key importance.

And if further to represent functional-semantic types of speech in the form of schemes, the narrative will look like this: narration = 1 event + 2 event + 3 event, etc. Usually the narrative text has its own strict composition: an introduction or an exposition, the main part, where events and an ending (or epilogue) develop in certain time frames. In fact, any story is an example of a narrative. Naturally, most often this type of speech uses verb forms of the perfect kind. Through them, the most convenient way is to transfer a consistent change of events, changing them in time.

Reasoning

Reasoning is a type of text that conveys the sequence and order of thoughts in the process of thinking about a phenomenon or event. Like other functional-semantic types of speech, it has a number of distinctive features. Text-reasoning corresponds to the scheme: reasoning = thesis + arguments + output. It is characterized by an abundance of abstract and scientific vocabulary, including abstract nouns, foreign words. In addition, the words "introductory", such as "firstly", "secondly", "consequently", "in this way", which convey the train of thought, are frequent.

The composition of the text of the argument is as follows: the main idea formulated in the form of a thesis, the main part, in which the judgments and conclusions resulting from the reasoning, confirming or refuting the thesis, and then the conclusion are given.

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