Physical education: goals, objectives, methods and principles. Principles of physical education of children of preschool age: a characteristic of each principle. Principles of the system of physical education

In modern education, one of the main areas of education is physical education from an early age. Now, when children spend almost all their free time on computers and telephones, this aspect becomes especially relevant. After all, a harmonious personality, the upbringing of which is the goal of modern education, is not only a complex of knowledge and skills, but also a good physical development, and hence, good health. That is why it is important to know the principles of physical education, its purpose and objectives. Such knowledge will help each parent to take an active part in the development of a healthy personality of his child from the preschool stage and help him develop correctly.

Physical education: goals, objectives, principles

Physical education is an educational process that aims to form the child's motor skills, his psychophysical qualities, and also help him to make his body perfect.

The purpose of this direction is to bring up a harmoniously developed, physically perfect child, who has such high qualities as cheerfulness, vitality, creativity. Physical education is aimed at solving such problems as:

• Improving;
• Educational;
• Educational.

Improvement of the child is a priority task of the pedagogical process and is aimed at promoting health and protecting the child's life. This includes also harmonious psychomotor development, increase of immunity with the help of hardening, and also increase in efficiency. Wellness tasks are designed:

• Help to form a correct posture, bends of the spine, harmonious physique;
• Develop the arches of the foot;
• Strengthen the ligaments and joints;
• Regulate the growth and mass of bones;
• Develop the muscles of the face, body and all other organs.

Educational tasks are aimed at creating motor skills and skills, as well as the development of psychophysical qualities and motor abilities. It also includes the acquisition of a certain system of knowledge about sports exercises, their structure and about what health function they carry for the body. The child in the process of education must realize his motor actions, master the terminology, physical and spatial, and also acquire the necessary level of knowledge about the correct performance of movements and sports exercises, fix in memory what objects, shells, benefits are called and remember ways of using them. He must know his body, and the pedagogical process is called upon to form a bodily reflection in him.

Educational tasks consist in the formation of the ability to rationally use physical exercises in independent motor activity, as well as in helping to acquire gracefulness, flexibility and expressiveness of movements. Traits are such qualities as independence, initiative, creativity, self-organization. Forming the upbringing of hygienic qualities, as well as helping the educator in organizing various games. Educational tasks include the creation of favorable conditions for the formation of positive personality traits, the laying of its moral foundations and volitional qualities, instilling a culture of feelings and aesthetic attitude to sports exercises.

Solving all problems in unity is the key to the formation of a harmonious, comprehensively developed personality.

Principles of physical education are made up of the basic methodological laws of the pedagogical process, which are expressed in the basic requirements for the content, construction and organization of the educational and methodical process.

Harmonious physical education is possible in a combination of general pedagogical didactic principles and specific regularities of this direction of education.

General pedagogical principles: awareness, activity, systematic and repetition

Principles of physical education of children of preschool age are based primarily on basic pedagogical, which are designed to help achieve this goal. Only the unity of all components ensures the development of the child at the desired level. So, the basic principles of physical education of preschool children on the basis of general pedagogical:

1. The principle of awareness is called upon to educate the child about a meaningful attitude to sports exercises, as well as to mobile games. It is derived on the basis of the opposition of awareness to the mechanical memorization of movements. With the realization of the technique of movements, the order of their fulfillment, and also the muscular tension of one's own body, the body will form a bodily reflexion.
2. The principle of activity implies the development of such qualities as independence, initiative, creativity.
3. The principle of consistency and consistency. Mentioning the basic principles of physical education on the basis of pedagogical, it is impossible not to mention the degree of importance of precisely this. It is mandatory for every form of this direction of education: improving motor skills, tempering and creating a regime. It is the systematic nature of the relationship between knowledge, skills and habits. Preparatory and training exercises in the system make it possible to master a new one, then, relying on it, move on to the next, more complex. This principle is realized by the regularity, plannedness and continuity of the given direction of education during the preschool age.
4. The principle of repetition of motor skills. Speaking about the principles of physical education of preschoolers, this should be mentioned in the list of the most important. It is the repetition that provides the assimilation of movements and the formation of motor skills. Only under such condition it is possible to form dynamic stereotypes. The system of repetitions is based on the assimilation of new material and the repetition of what has been passed.
5. The principle of gradualness, which implies the presence of variants of changes in the existing stereotype of movements. Gradualness, as well as regular training - the basis of physiological rules.
6. The principle of clarity, which is necessary in order to establish a connection between sensory perception and thinking. This will make it possible to affect all the functions of sensory systems that are involved in the movement. Recalling these principles of the system of physical education, imply direct and indirect visibility. The first is expressed in the fact that the teacher himself demonstrates the motor actions that are being learned at this stage. Mediocre visualization is realized by showing films, manuals, photographs and graphs that provide an accurate picture of the new movement. This principle is designed to ensure more accurate assimilation and reproduction of new material.
7. The principle of accessibility is key in proper physical education. Given the different levels of difficulty in the exercises, the teacher must take into account the personality characteristics of each child, assigning physical activities. Only such an approach will help to benefit the body and help in the harmonious development of all the physical qualities of the preschooler. Failure to comply with the principle of accessibility can lead to various physical and psychological traumas.
8. The principle of individualization presupposes an orientation toward the natural data of a preschool child, on the basis of which the teacher creates a further plan for improving his physical development.

Graduality, visibility, accessibility, individualization - other general pedagogical principles

It should be borne in mind that each of these principles in the complex ensures the formation of a healthy, developed personality. Failure to comply with at least one of them reduces the likelihood of an accurate achievement of the goal.

Principles of physical education: the characteristic of each principle

Modern requirements for education imply thorough adherence to all the rules of education for the planned achievement of the goal. Preschool age is the initial stage of personal training. And it is now very important to take into account all the principles of physical education, so that in order to move to a new link in education the child has the necessary motor skills, bodily reflexion and other indicators of a physically developed personality. The principles that need to be followed in this area of education are:

1. The principle of continuity, which is one of the most important. They provide the order of classes, the connection between them, and also how often and for how long they should be conducted. Classes are the key to the proper physical development of the preschooler.
2. The principle of system alternation of rest and loads. In order to improve the effectiveness of classes, it is necessary to combine high activity and rest of the child in various types of motor activity. This principle is expressed in a dynamic change in the forms and content of functional loads from one stage to another.
3. The principle of gradual build-up of developmental-training influences determines a consistent increase in loads. This approach increases the developing effect, strengthens and updates the impact of exercise on the body in the course of this direction of education.
4. The principle of cyclicity provides a repetitive sequence of lessons, thereby allowing them to increase their effectiveness, improve the physical preparation of the preschooler.

Other principles of the system of this direction of education

The characteristics of the principles of physical education will be incomplete without mentioning the remaining basic norms:

1. The principle of age-related activity in this direction of upbringing, which involves the consideration of all the individual characteristics of the preschooler.
2. The principle of comprehensive and harmonious development. He helps in the development of the child's psychophysical abilities, his motor skills and skills, realized in unity. This principle is aimed at the comprehensive development of the preschooler, which includes the education of all the personal qualities of the child.
3. The principle of the health-improving orientation, which is designed to solve the problem of strengthening children's health. This implies a combination of physical exercises with specific procedures that enhance the ability of the child's body. They also help to significantly improve the health of the brain. Speaking about the principles of physical education in the DOW, it should be noted that the implementation of this direction should be strictly under the supervision of the doctor.

From the teacher it is required exact observance of each principle in order that the upbringing of the personality of the preschool child should pass as effectively as possible.

Methods of this direction of education

The method is understood as a set of techniques that are aimed at optimizing the educational process. The choice of method is determined by the tasks facing the educator for a specific period of time, the content of educational and educational activities, as well as the individual and age characteristics of the preschooler.

Methods and principles of physical education in the aggregate are aimed at achieving a single goal: the formation of a physically developed personality.

It should be borne in mind that the activation of physical and mental forces, and then rest after exercise restores working capacity much faster and more efficiently.

The main methods of this direction of upbringing, which are fundamental for the educator in the process of working with preschool children, are the following:

1. Information-receptive method, which determines the interrelation and interdependence of the joint activity of the child and educator. Thanks to him, the teacher can specifically and accurately convey knowledge to the preschooler, and he - consciously remember them and perceive them.
2. Reproductive, another name of which is the method of organizing the reproduction of modes of activity. It consists in thinking over the system of physical exercises, which are aimed at reproducing the actions known to the preschooler, formed through the use of the information-receptive method.
3. Method of problem training is an integral part of system education, which without it will be incomplete. This is due to the fact that the child can not learn to think, and also develop creative abilities to the required level only through the assimilation of knowledge. The basis of problematic education is the laws of the development of man's thinking and his creative activity for cognition. The child's thinking activity is activated when he needs to understand something. In search of a solution to a particular problem, he independently extracts knowledge. And they are better absorbed than ready answers. In addition, when a child decides tasks that are feasible for his age in mobile games, it contributes to the development of his self-esteem and self-confidence. By introducing problematic situations in motor activity, the educator makes the learning more interesting and effective. In addition, this is a good prerequisite for the development of creative abilities, which become an integral part of the development of preschool children.
4. The method of strictly regulated exercise solves the problem of providing the best conditions for the child to master motor skills and develop psychophysical qualities.
5. The method of circular training, presupposing the movement of a preschool child according to a predetermined circle, the fulfillment of specific tasks and exercises that enable one to influence different groups of muscles, organs and systems of the body. The purpose of this method is to achieve a high healing effect from exercise and increase the working capacity of the body.

The all-dedicative methods of this direction of education of preschool children

In addition to these, there are other methods of this direction of education of preschool children, which are obschedidakticheskimi:

1. Visual methods contribute to the formation of knowledge and sensations related to movement, sensory perception and develop abilities for sensorics.
2. Verbal methods, which also have the name of verbal ones, are aimed at activating the child's consciousness, forming a deeper understanding of the tasks, performing physical exercises at an informed level, understanding their content, structure, and also using it independently and creatively in a variety of cases.
3. Practical methods are designed to check the motor actions of the preschooler, the correctness of his perception and motor sensations.

In the learning process, it is important to take into account that all methods and principles of physical education are interrelated and should be applied together for a more effective result.

Physical exercises - development of independence and creativity

The first seven years of a child's life is a period of intensive development: both physical and mental. That is why it is so important to provide him with optimal learning conditions and implement all the principles of physical education. His future labor and educational achievements directly depend on how well he will own his body and his movements. Of great importance are dexterity and orientation, as well as the speed of the motor reaction.

Correctly organizing the physical education of the preschool child in everyday life, the educator and parents ensure the fulfillment of the motor regime, which is a necessary condition for a healthy physical and mental state of the child during the day.

Forms of realization of physical education of the preschool child

The main principle of physical education is the realization of the goals and tasks set. What is achieved by various forms of physical activity:

• outdoor games;
• walk;
• Individual work with a separate preschooler or a small group;
• Classes of children in various physical exercises in an independent form;
• Sports holidays.

Regular physical education lays the foundation for how successfully the child will master the motor skills. However, the educator can not, within the framework of such classes, ensure the improvement of the acquired skills, their stability, and the ability to acquire them independently in everyday life. That is why the implementation of the principles of physical education occurs throughout the school day with the help of various forms of work. For this, apart from gymnastics every morning and a specific number of exercises, the daily schedule provides time for various outdoor games, personal lessons, as well as enabling children to play on their own or in small groups. Thus, the principles of physical education of children of preschool age are realized practically through all forms of activity during their stay in preschool.

Observance of each principle is the key to successful achievement of the goal

Preschool education is the initial stage of the child's educational and cognitive activities. After all, at that time a foundation is being formed, on which the success of further education will be based. And given the close relationship of physical education with the health of the child, this is the basis for the education of a harmoniously developed personality. That is why it is necessary to observe all the principles of physical education. Having briefly considered each of them, one can see the degree of importance of a separate principle in the complex of measures taken to achieve the goal.

Also, it should be borne in mind that for the more effective development of the preschooler, one should not limit oneself only to activities in the kindergarten. Each parent should fully realize the importance of fully observing the principles of the physical education system for further shaping the child's personal and psychological qualities. And since it is in this period that the foundation of the future personality is being formed, it is extremely important to strive as much as possible to pay attention to the physical development of the child. Instead of watching cartoons and games on the computer should be taught to the child to mobile games. In the process of mastering, they will contribute to its correct physical formation.