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National wealth is ... The Russian economy. National wealth of Russia

It is believed that national wealth is the aggregate economic assets of the country that ensure people's lives, as well as the production of goods and services. This is confirmed by the methodology of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. This economic category characterizes the economic potential of the state, convincingly demonstrates the long-term prospects for its development.

Let's note the fundamental principle: the concept of national wealth is disclosed through this category - economic assets. Within the state, the constituent units that own the rights to them enjoy economic benefits. In view of the urgency of ongoing monitoring of this indicator, to determine the effectiveness of the policy, economists of all countries constantly determine its growth or decrease

The methodology used in the world for calculating national wealth is determined in two ways: by the national standard method or by the balance sheet.

Balance method

The national wealth of the country in the balance sheet calculation is defined as the net worth of equity directly from the table balance sheets of liabilities and assets (see table 1), compiled for various sectors of the economy. This is a traditional approach for Russia (formerly for the USSR), presenting this indicator as a set of products of labor, i.e., national property accumulated by generations in conjunction with natural resources involved in the economic process.

Method of the system of national standards

However, as experts note, the system of national accounts more effectively determines national wealth. This is really a market approach, since the SNA is a balanced set of indicators that comprehensively reflect the state's macroeconomics. In addition to the material benefits created by the able-bodied population, the system of national accounts also takes into account the difference between financial assets (2) and financial liabilities (3).

Table 1. The general structure of national wealth

National wealth. Composition

Let's determine what is the composition of national wealth according to the methodology of the system of national accounts, briefly describing its components.

Non-financial assets, being the property of institutional units, are a means for the production and non-productive gaining of economic benefits. In their composition, they include fixed assets (production and non-productive), working capital, as well as valuables.

A characteristic property of fixed assets is their property to participate repeatedly in social reproduction. They include buildings and structures, machinery and equipment, transport and communications, and so on. They have the property of reducing their value due to material and moral depreciation. The level of depreciation of the country's fixed assets is a strategic indicator. In particular, the Russian economy at the current level is characterized by a significant proportion of worn-out fixed assets. Their renewal is an important direction of the development of the state.

Inventories of current assets of material nature are, in particular, raw materials and materials, finished products, goods produced for sale, and also bought for subsequent resale. The role of the state in the development of the production sphere is largely determined by the sufficient supply of its enterprises with working capital, which is a "raw material" for production (fuel, materials, raw materials, feed, seeds, etc.). At the same time, important inter-farm links are important, preventing the formation of excessive stocks of finished products.

Financial assets are non-material, their essence is a value expression. They have a characteristic feature: they are assets with respect to the owner, and obligations with respect to its counterparty.

Table 2. The composition of national wealth by the SNA method

However, the indicators of the SNA do not take into account a rather thin category, one of the main indicators of national wealth is the human factor. His role in this article will be mentioned additionally. At the present time, its characteristics are determined by such parameters as the average life expectancy, the percentage of work of the able-bodied population by specialty, the active labor period, the family life cycle, and the birth rate.

National wealth. Properties of an indicator

An important circumstance is that national wealth is an indicator not static, but dynamically changing in time. It is determined at any current time at a residual value.

Secondly, as already noted, national wealth (NB) is heterogeneous. On the one hand - natural resources, on the other hand - products of labor. It also includes financial and intangible assets.

Thirdly, national wealth takes into account all property owned by residents, individuals and legal entities, even if it is located abroad.

Characteristics of components

Statistics of national wealth are not homogeneous. It differently approaches the analysis of the components of this complex indicator, which naturally stems from its nature. If we ask about their types, then we can define the following categories:

1. Non-reproducible . These include minerals, the reserves of which are exhausted (mainly by industrial methods).

2. Reproducible. This refers to the assets of the productive and non-productive assets created by the able-bodied population.

3. Intangible. This is the know-how of the country's society, generated by its social, educational and humanitarian internal policies. These include the level of well-being, intellectual and qualification potential.

4. Accounts payable to foreign countries and financial organizations.

Main settings

Statistics of national wealth is based on an analysis of its parameters. With their help, the property state of the state is systematically covered: the dynamics of the National Bank; Its use by the state; Components, volume and structure; Composition and proportions; Type of reproduction of national wealth and its components; Characteristics of components.

Thus, the NB is represented as an aggregate of material values and economic resources that directly affect the expanded reproduction of society.

World Resources. Statistics

The Russian Academy of Sciences assessed the total world wealth as national. This indicator was determined based on the World Bank's accounting data. Its value at the beginning of the 21st century was cumulative for all countries of the world at $ 550 trillion. Let us consider this information in general form. The share of human capital in it is a large part - $ 350 trillion, natural resources - $ 95 trillion, production and non-productive funds - $ 90 trillion.

According to statistics, 50% of the world's national wealth belongs to developed Western European countries, the United States, Canada and Japan. The NB of the United States is estimated at $ 24 trillion, $ 95 trillion is the national wealth of the OPEC countries that control a significant part of the world's oil reserves, 40% of its production and world prices for it. The countries of the former CIS belong to the National Bank, which amounts to $ 80 trillion.

According to the aforementioned assessment of scientists, Russia's national wealth is $ 60 trillion. The component of the human factor in it is $ 30 trillion, natural resources - $ 24 trillion, production and non-production funds - $ 6 trillion.

The aforementioned proportions of the world's national wealth are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. The structure of the world's national wealth

National wealth of Russia

It is characteristic that Russia has a multiple advantage over other countries in terms of national wealth per one citizen ($ 400,000), which is four times the world average. However, the average density of the population of Russia per square kilometer is 8.39 people at a time when for France this figure is 119 people, for Italy - 200.52, for Germany - 229.12.

Impressive assessment of the national wealth of the Russian Federation. Its land fund is 12.5% of the world. On the territory of Russia there is half of the world fresh water reserves, more than 50% of the chernozem, more than 60% of the coniferous forests of the planet. The reserves of natural resources of Russia are very significant, they occupy a significant proportion in the world's natural resources. In particular, the gas reserves of the Russian Federation amount to 32% of the world's, oil - 13%; Zinc - 15%; Iron - 26%; Coal - 11%; Zinc - 15%; Nickel - 36%.

The raw nature of the economy

Experts say that the Russian economy currently has a raw material character. What does it mean? A significant volume of oil and gas produced (about 75%) is exported and only a quarter is consumed in the domestic market. In the structure of Russia's GDP, oil and gas produced occupy a significant proportion: about 32%, while the output of machine building is about 5%. The latter indicator, as we understand it, does not correspond to the economic, as well as the scientific, potential of Russia. It's all about the demand for raw materials actually put on the world market in connection with the West's protectionist policy towards science and capital-intensive products with the inscription "made in Russia".

The dynamics of oil production by Russia reflects the growth trend. Currently, the volume of its extraction is quite impressive figure of half a billion tons. The economy of the Russian Federation is sensitive to foreign currency revenues from the sale of oil, including for investments in the engineering sector, which makes it possible to switch to new technologies. The way in which Russia extracted "black gold" is shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Dynamics of Russian oil production

Most of the Russian oil (trade name Urals) - 65% - is mined in the Tyumen region. However, in the future production in this region will decrease, while at the same time both in the Far East and in Eastern Siberia, its growth is projected.

Even more indicative is the upward trend in Russia's gas production (see table 5). Analysis of economic indicators indicates an alarming trend: the reorientation of the economy to the efficiency of the raw material component exceeds the pace of development of engineering.

Table 5. Dynamics of gas production in Russia

At the same time, an assessment of Russia's national wealth would be incomplete without specifying the factors that restrain the intensity of its multiplication. They are of a systemic nature. In Russia, human capital accounts for 50% of the share of national wealth, 32% for natural resources and 18% for productive and non-productive capital, respectively. At the same time, for the national wealth of Western European countries, the share of the human factor is 78.4%.

The leading role of the human factor in the system of national wealth

According to experts, not only the absolute value expression, but also the structure of national wealth is an important factor in the welfare of the state. Economists of the Chicago school in the 70s of the last century made a significant discovery: the human factor plays the leading role in the structure of the National Library of Belarus. We have already mentioned that its quality is determined by a number of components: quality and life expectancy, education, gross production per person. If a quarter of a century ago, Russia ranked 23rd in this indicator, today it is 66th.

Privatization or sabotage against the human factor?

Different elements of national wealth have different levels of sensitivity to crisis phenomena in the economy. The starting point for determining human capital is its assessment in the domestic labor market.

Characteristically, during perestroika, this cost in the sector of social production was virtually nullified. Such scanty value formed the basis for the pricing of the country. As a result, the intermediary entrepreneur was able to earn a dozen times more than a skilled industrial worker with speculation.

During the privatization of the USSR production assets, the cost of one labor force by the new owners was estimated in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 thousand dollars. For comparison, the definition of the market price of an American company is based on the cost of one labor force of $ 100,000. In particular, the ZIL enterprise with a hundred thousand employees was privatized for $ 16 million. Uralmash, GAZ, and many other system enterprises were privatized in a similar way.

The reform of the Russian economy, according to the provisions of the Washington Consensus of 1990, did not change these disproportions. Rigid monetary policy, together with trade liberalization, did not correct the situation. Currently in the Russian Federation, 20% of the population has incomes that do not provide a subsistence minimum for one family member. To reproduce the role of the human factor (especially in production), we need targeted social and economic policies.

Conclusion

The national wealth of the Russian Federation at the present stage requires a significant reassessment of its components in order to achieve sustainable growth dynamics. The key is to increase the proportion of human capital. For this, additional resources and resources should be allocated. The oligarchs will have to share their "piece of pie" from Russia's GDP, which they consume and transfer to the deposits of Western banks.

Such businessmen, who are keen on maximizing their incomes, will almost have to feel that investments in human capital in Russia are the most profitable, and learn how to systematically accomplish them. Perhaps, such an idea should adequately "explain" the state to the oligarchs.

On the other hand, a special infrastructure will also be in demand that will control and ensure the effectiveness of investments in the human factor.

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