Mortality is ... Mortality rates of the population

The duration of human life depends on many factors. Mortality is a statistical indicator, the ratio of the number of deaths to the total number of people. Traditionally, mortality factors are divided into two groups: endogenous and exogenous. The first group includes the natural aging of the body, congenital malformations, hereditary diseases and some other factors dependent on the biological characteristics of the human body and its heredity. Exogenous are related to the influence of the environment. This group includes accidents, infectious diseases, poisoning, acute diseases of digestion, breathing and other injuries.

Endogenous factors

The influence of endogenous factors is caused more by aging of an organism, therefore it is concentrated in older people. But the person and the environment surrounding him, are able to slightly adjust the negative impact of endogenous factors on the body. This brings an element of chance into the influence of these factors. However, in general, the element of randomness will be insignificant, and the relationship between the probability of death and age is significant.

Exogenous factors

The impact of exogenous factors on the human body, on the contrary, is random, disorderly. Such an accident is largely justified by the fact that the same cause of human death can be various external factors.

Mortality as an indicator

Mortality of the population is an indicator reflecting the state of public health. The death rate characterizes the economic and social health of the country, reflects the effectiveness of the policy conducted by the authorities. The most indicative in this respect will be indicators such as the level of maternal mortality, the infant mortality rate, mortality from external causes - poisoning, injuries, mortality among the able-bodied population, the gap between the estimated life expectancy of women and men. In medicine, the death rate of a population is a quantitative indicator that reflects the number of deaths from a particular disease in relation to the average population.

The death rate is the indicator that shows the number of deaths per year in relation to the average annual population. It is considered to be general and almost not suitable for any comparisons, since its magnitude is mostly dependent on the characteristics of the age composition of society. Based on this indicator, the first approximate evaluation is carried out.

Fertility, mortality

Fertility and mortality are dynamic indicators characterizing the population size and its change. Fertility is the population's ability to grow or, in other words, the number of births per 1000 people per year. Mortality is the opposite of fertility. It is calculated as the number of individuals that died within a certain period of time, but usually in the form of a relative or specific value. Fertility and mortality - these are the indicators on the basis of which the change in the number of population is calculated.

Change in population

The natural movement of the population expresses the aggregate size of the processes of fertility and mortality, at the expense of which a constant renewal and a change of generations are ensured. In cases where the birth rate exceeds mortality, you can observe a natural increase in the population, in opposite cases there is a natural decline. To characterize the intensity of fertility, a common fertility rate is usually used . Calculated as the number of births per year in relation to 1000 inhabitants.

The totality of the processes of mortality, fertility and, of course, natural growth - all this is a composite reproduction of the population. There are two types of population reproduction. One of them is characterized by low rates of fertility and mortality, and, consequently, natural increase. This type is reflected, mainly in developed countries. The second type is characterized by fairly high values of both fertility and natural increase in the population and relatively low mortality rates. Refers, in the first place, to developing countries.

Infant mortality rates

Infant mortality is the death of children in the first year of life. This figure is significantly higher than the mortality rate in other age groups, except senile and elderly. Reducing infant mortality contributes to an increase in the life expectancy of the population. However, some difficulties may arise in the calculation of the indicator. For example, a child was born in one calendar year, and died in another. There is an updated indicator that is calculated according to Rat's formula: the number of children who died in the first year of life in relation to 2/3 of those born alive in the reporting year and 1/3 of those born alive in the previous year.

According to WHO recommendations, infant mortality is one of the main indicators not only of public health, but also of the standard of living of the population as a whole, and the quality of the work of the health care structure. Even at the present time, infant mortality is an indicator that is significantly higher than the rest of the mortality rates in other age groups.

Maternal mortality in Russia and in the world

According to WHO recommendations, this term refers to all deaths of women due to pregnancy (regardless of its duration) that occurred during pregnancy or within 42 days after its termination. Accidents or accidental circumstances are excluded. Maternal mortality is another indicator of the death rate of the population. It is calculated as the ratio of the number of deaths during pregnancy, immediate delivery and in the first 42 days to the number of live births, multiplied by 100 thousand.

Maternal deaths include immediate obstetric death (miscarriage before birth, obstetric care, postpartum care, etc.) and indirect obstetric death (a consequence of previously existing diseases that developed during pregnancy).

Death rates in Russia

As for Russia, the rising mortality rate is a trend of not one decade. It is connected, first of all, with the aging of the population. In regions with a predominantly young population, the death rate is lower than in the territories with the older population. This, for example, the Tver and Pskov regions.

The Russian phenomenon of over-mortality is reflected in the working age of the population. Compared to most countries with comparable levels of economic development in Russia, mortality in Russia is 3-5 times higher for men and more than 2 times for women. This is also due to specific risk factors associated with the peculiarities of the way of life of Russians.

The health care system faces two significant problems. The first relates to the structure of the pathology of the early industrial society, affecting mainly the children and the young able-bodied population. To the second - problems with demographically old age group of the population. Thus, in Russia, mortality is an extremely specific situation, uncharacteristic neither for developed nor for developing countries.