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Metrology: measurements, measuring instruments. Classification of measuring instruments

In this article we will try to analyze in a compact way a whole body of topics: metrology, associated standardization, state Russian metrology centers, as well as measuring instruments - their characteristics, types, classification and use. Let's start with the most general introductory theme - a science called metrology.

Metrology: definitions, objectives, laws

Metrology, measurements, measuring instruments - interrelated concepts. Metrology (dr.-Greek μέτρον + λόγος - "measure" + "science") is the science of measures and weights, namely about measurement, its methods and means, which help to ensure the unity and accuracy of measurements.

Basics of metrology assume the following goals and objectives:

  • Development of a unified measurement theory;
  • Formation of a number of systems of units of physical quantities;
  • Development and subsequent standardization of means and methods of measurement, ways to determine their accuracy, the desire for uniformity and unification;
  • The development of clear systems of measurement standards, measurement samples based on physical constants;
  • Studying the system of measures and weights in a historical retrospective.

The basic laws of metrology are threefold:

  1. Any dimension is a comparison.
  2. No measurement can be obtained without a priori data.
  3. The results of any measurement without rounding off the values are just a random variable.

Sections of metrology

Science is divided into several components:

  • Theoretical. Basics of metrology are based on theory. This section studies the most common problems of quantitative measurements, and also directly develops theoretical dogmas.
  • Legislative. Social science, which determines the mandatory legal and technical conditions for the use of units, methods and means of measurement.
  • Applied. Experimental, practical section of metrology, introducing the development of the theoretical component into life, and also engaged in metrological support.
  • Historical. He studies the units of measurement of the past, their progression over time, determines their names, and also the relationships with the standards of measures and weights of the present.
  • Specialized directions. This includes "special" metrology - medical, chemical, aviation, biological (biometrics).

Standardization in metrology

Metrology and standardization are closely related. Standardization in this aspect is the general and particular rules of metrological support accompanying the production process. Objects of discipline will be everything related to the product: regulatory documents with quality requirements, tolerance standards, and methods for achieving a benchmark result. At the same time, the developed standards can be applied not only at a particular enterprise, but also become common utility.

The objectives of standardization in metrology are as follows:

  • Determining the main characteristics of quality reference products, the first thing for this standardize the components and the raw material.
  • Development of certain criteria for the quality of the product received, while the means of metrological control are determined.
  • Striving for uniformity of products.
  • Creation of a system of standards, ensuring the unity of all measurements in the enterprise.

Metrology and standardization operate with two main documents:

  • The standard is a normative and technological act with certain norms, rules and requirements for production and finished product. The current standard is approved by an authorized organization.
  • TU (technical conditions) - a set of rules, norms and requirements for a particular type of product.

The scale of standardization in metrology:

  • International. International centers of standardization and metrology are created by the forces of several states, united by trade, common scientific developments, building joint defense, etc.
  • State. Standardization in metrology, carried out by state authorities, which also builds the prospects for its development.
  • National. Again, the state scale, but without direct intervention of power structures.

The main Russian center for standardization and metrology is the GSS (state standardization system). This complex unites all the developed requirements into a single whole, helps to standardize the production and production of all domestic factories and combines.

State centers of metrology and certification

According to the Federal Law "On Ensuring the Unity of Measurements" at the state level, it manages activities to ensure the standardization of measurements by the State Standard of Russia. He is also responsible for the State Metrological Service. It includes the following components:

  • The departments of the central apparatus of the State Standard of the Russian Federation are responsible for planning, managing and monitoring the uniformity of measurements at the state inter-branch level.
  • GNMTS (state scientific metrological centers) are responsible for the development, storage and application of standard standards, as well as for the development of normative documentation that ensures the uniformity of measurements.
  • Divisions of HMS of the RF subjects scale - implementation of metrological control in specific territories.

Centers of standards in the Russian Federation

The main center of state metrology is VNIIMS - All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Metrological Service. He carries out scientific and methodological management of all metrological services, coordinates their activities, and also develops the most diverse (economic, organizational, scientific) bases of metrological support.

Besides VNIIMS, important reference centers in the Russian Federation will also be:

  • VNIIM. Almost all the standards of the World System of Weights and Measures have been created and stored here, excluding samples of frequency and time units. The Institute concentrates more than 50% of all Russian state standards.
  • VNIIFTRI. In addition to the standard of time in this institute there is a sample of magnetic, radio engineering quantities, units of frequency, hardness, pressure, ionizing radiation, low temperatures, etc.
  • VNIIOFI. Measurements of various parameters of lasers, medical indicators, spectrometry, optical values, etc.
  • REMOVE. Standards of electrical, magnetic, radio engineering values, etc.

Activity of metrology centers

The main vector of the HMS is to ensure the unity of all dimensions in the state. Also at its share responsibility for metrological support of measurements in Russia, state control in the field of metrology. Directions of the HMS work are:

  • Creation of standards, state and secondary;
  • The formation of systems for broadcasting or transmitting the parameters of FB units to SI workers;
  • State supervision of manufacturing / application / condition / repair of measurement systems;
  • Metrological examination of various products;
  • Methodological support of lower-level metrological services.

Functions of Rosstandart

Rosstandart and metrology is the fulfillment by the given institution of such functions:

  • Coordination of work to ensure the uniformity of measurements.
  • Development of rules for the creation, storage, approval and operation of measurement standards.
  • Metrological state supervision.
  • Guidance of HMS and other services responsible for the uniformity of measurements.
  • Approval of measurement standards and normative acts ensuring the uniformity of measurements.
  • Recognition of technical devices by means of measurement.
  • Development and approval of measurement methods.
  • Accreditation of centers testing SI.
  • Approval of SI types.
  • Maintenance of the State Register of the SI.
  • Approval of SI lists to be verified.
  • Development of the licensing process for individuals and legal entities that manufacture, repair, sell or lease SI.
  • Planning and organization of various metrological activities, etc.

SI is ...

Let's move closer to metrology and measurements. Measuring instruments (SI) are technical devices used for measuring. It is characterized by the fact that it reproduces or stores in itself the unit of measurement of any physical quantity.

FZ RF № 102 defines SI as a means, one of the purposes of which is measurement. Only the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology can attribute a device to the means of measurement in our country.

SI classification

Here are the most common classifications of measuring instruments in metrology and measurements:

  • According to the measuring parameters for determining:
    • Pressure;
    • Temperature;
    • Quantity;
    • Level;
    • Concentration of solution, etc.
  • On the importance of the measured:
    • Fixed assets;
    • Auxiliary means.
  • By SI standardization:
    • Standardized;
    • Not related to standardized.
  • By position in the verification scheme:
    • Standards;
    • Workers SI.
  • By the level of automation:
    • Manual;
    • Automated;
    • Automatic.
  • By purpose:
    • Measure of physical quantity - SI, reproducing or storing the value of one / several dimensions;
    • Measuring instrument - SI, with which you can find out the value of the measured in a certain range;
    • Measuring transducer - SI, which converts one measured value into another;
    • Measuring installation - a complex that combines several measuring transducers, instruments or measures, which is located in a certain location;
    • Measuring system - a complex that combines several measures, instruments, installations and transducers, capable of taking measurements in different parts of the object;
    • Measuring and computing complex - a system that unites several SI, a computer designed to solve one or several measuring complex problems.

Dimensions: types and methods

A measurement is the determination of the value of the sought value by an experimental method by SI. His main methods are two - direct evaluation and comparison with the measure. The latter is further subdivided into a differential, zero, method of coincidence and opposition. Concerning applied SI distinguish organoleptic, heuristic, expert and instrumental method.

Speaking about metrology and measurements, we will present a classification of the species of the latter:

  • According to the accuracy characteristic: equal and non-equal. Or maximum accuracy, control and calibration and technical.
  • By the method of obtaining data: contact and non-contact.
  • According to the number of measurements: single and multiple.
  • By the type of change in the measured value: static and dynamic.
  • By designation: metrological and technical.
  • By the variety of representation of the result: relative and absolute.
  • On the methods of obtaining effective data: direct, indirect, aggregate and joint.

Areas of application of SI

In concluding the topic "Metrology, Measurements, Means of Measurement", we will denote the areas of application of SI, dictated by Federal Law No. 102:

  • Environmental protection;
  • occupational Safety and Health;
  • State control;
  • Area of activity in the defense complex;
  • hydrometeorology;
  • Financial, tax, customs, banking;
  • sport;
  • Road safety;
  • Veterinary medicine;
  • Judicial system;
  • Telecommunications, post office;
  • Conformity assessment;
  • medicine;
  • Industrial control;
  • Geography, geodesy;
  • Packaging of products;
  • trade;
  • Nuclear power.

Standards and metrology are of paramount importance both for scientific, experimental activities, and for all spheres of society. If without standardization in metrology it is difficult to imagine production, then the means of measurement become an integral part of the life of mankind.

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