Literary Current. Literary trends and trends

Literary flow is something that is often identified with a school or a literary group. It means a group of creative personalities, they are characterized by a program-aesthetic unity, as well as ideological and artistic intimacy. In other words, it is a certain kind (as it were a subgroup) of the literary trend. Applicable, for example, to Russian Romanticism, it speaks of "psychological", "philosophical" and "civilian" trends. In the Russian literary currents, scientists distinguish "sociological" and "psychological" direction.

Classicism

This direction and artistic style in the literature and art of Europe in the early 19th century. The name comes from the Latin word "classicus" - the ideal one.

The literary movements of the 19th century have their own peculiarities:

1. The appeal to the forms and images of ancient art and literature as an aesthetic standard, on this basis, the principle of "imitation of nature" is advanced, implying adherence to strict rules that are derived from ancient aesthetics.

2. The basis of aesthetics is the principle of rationalism (from the Latin "ratio" means the mind), which affirms views on artistic works as creating artificial - consciously created, reasonably organized, logically constructed.

3. In classicism, there are no individual traits in images, since in the first place they are called upon to imprint generic, stable, with time imperishable signs, which act as the embodiment of many spiritual and social forces.

4. Socio-educational function of art. A harmonious personality is brought up.

Sentimentalism

Sentimentalism (translated from English sentimental means "sensitive") - the current in the literature and art of Europe in the 18th century. Enlightenment rationalism prepared with the help of the crisis, in Enlightenment is the final stage. Basically chronologically preceded romanticism, managed to convey to him some of its features.

Literary trends, the poetry of this period has its own peculiarities:

1. Sentimentalism remains faithful to the ideals of the normative person.

2. If compared with the classicism and its educational pathos, the core of "human nature" was declared not by reason but by feeling.

3. The condition for the formation of an ideal person was not "a competent world reconstruction," but the improvement and release of "natural feelings."

4. The literary heroes of sentimentalism are more individualized: by origin (or conviction) they are democratic, the enriched spiritual world of commoners is one of the gains of sentimentalism.

5. Sentimentalism does not know about the "irrational": a contradictory mood, impulsive emotional impulses are perceived as available to rationalistic interpretations.

Romanticism

This is the largest literary trend in the literature of Europe and America late 18th - early 19th centuries. In this era, everything unusual, fantastic, strange was considered romantic, which occurs only in books.

Romantic literature of the 19th century in Russia was characterized by:

1. Anti-enlightenment orientation, which manifested itself in preromanticism and sentimentalism, and already in romanticism reached its peak. Socio-ideological prerequisites can be called disappointment in the results of the revolution and the fruits of society in general, protests against the mundane, vulgar and prosaic life of the bourgeoisie. The reality of stories is not subject to "reason," irrationality, the completeness of mysteries and unforeseen events, and the typical world order is hostile to the person's personality and its natural freedom.

2. The general pessimistic orientation is the ideas of "world tribulation", "cosmic pessimism" (as an example, the literary heroes of J. Byron, A. Vigny, etc.). The subject of "the terrible world lying in evil" was especially colorful in the "dramas of fate" or "the tragedies of fate" (ETA Hoffmann, E. Po).

3. Belief in the almighty spirit of man, in his call for renewal. Litkrators discovered the unknown complexity, the depth of individuality. People for them are a microcosm, a small universe. Hence the absolutization of personal principles, the philosophy of individualisms. The center of romantic works has always been a strong, exceptional man, opposing society, his moral and moral norms and laws.

Naturalism

From Latin means nature - the literary currents of the Silver Age, which finally formed in Europe and the United States.

Features:

1. Striving for objective, accurate and dispassionate images of the human nature and reality that are conditioned by the physiological environment and nature, understood in most cases, as an immediate material and everyday environment. The socio-historical factor is not excluded. The main task of naturalists is the study of society with the same fullness with which natural scientists study nature, artistic knowledge was likened to scientific knowledge.

2. All art works were considered as "human documents", the main aesthetic criteria were considered the completeness and completeness of the cognitive acts carried out in it.

3. Literary scholars have abandoned moralizing, suggesting that the depicted reality is sufficiently expressive in itself. They thought that literature as well as exact sciences had no right to choose material, as if there were no unworthy themes or unfit subjects for writers. Because of this, public indifference and plotlessness often appeared in the works of that time.

Realism

Realism is the artistic and literary flow of the early 20th century. Its origin takes in the Renaissance ("Renaissance realism"), as well as in the era of the Enlightenment ("enlightenment realism"). For the first time realism was noted in medieval and ancient folklore, ancient legends.

The main features of the current:

1. Artists depict the external world in images that correspond to the essence of the phenomena of the world itself.

2. In realism, literature is indicated by means of cognition of the individual and the surrounding society.

3. The knowledge of the present day comes with the help of images that are created because of the typification of facts of reality ("in a typical setting, typical characters").

4. Realistic art is life-affirming art, even with tragic conflict resolution. This has a philosophical basis - Gnosticism, plausibility in the cognition and adequacy of the reflection of the surrounding world, which is different from romanticism.

silver Age

Literary currents of the Silver Age have such features:

• The assumption of the existence of two worlds (real and otherworldly);
• Identification in the symbols of reality;
• Special views on natural intuition as an intermediary in the image of the world and its comprehension;
• The development of sound recordings in the form of a separate poetic technique;
• Comprehension of the world by the mystification;
• Multidimensional content (hints, allegory);
• Seeking a religious kind ("religious free feeling");
• Realism is extinguished.

Literature of the 19th century in Russia

The origin of artistic trends in Russia is associated with the socio-ideological atmosphere of the life of Russian people - a nationwide rise after the First World War. This was the beginning not only of the emergence, but also of the special nature of the directions of the Decembrist poets (VK Kiichelbecker, KF Ryleev, AI Odoevsky acted as an example), whose work was inspired by the ideas of civil service, imbued with the pathos of struggle and freedom .

A characteristic feature of Romanticism in Russia

The most important aspect is the forced literary development in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, which is due to the "rush" and the combination of various stages that have been experienced in stages in other countries. Russian romanticism absorbed pre-romantic tendencies along with the tendencies of Enlightenment and classicism: the doubts about the role of reason in the universe, the cult of nature, sensitivity, elegiac melancholism, the combination with the classic order of genres and styles, moderate didacticism, and the struggle with surplus metaphoricality for the sake of "harmonic accuracy" .

Akhmatovo Current

The literary current of Akhmatova outwardly embellishes the language, simultaneously leading to a logically grounded, completely simple thought (for acmeism in itself seeks to get rid of the congestion that prevailed in the literature of those years).

The lyrical heroines of Akhmatova are more mundane, aspiring to this life. They think in other categories. They are women, disappointed in love, who think that they have discovered a secret: love as such does not exist. But it's not long ago that the heroines lived with pink glasses in front of their eyes, as everyone is happily ignorant. They also waited for visits, feared separation from their beloved, sang "love songs". But it all ended in a moment. Their own insight does not please them at all. In the verses the lines "from that very moment everything seems to be sick". Even complex encrypted messages become extremely clear. Every woman who has come across a loss of love will feel this way.

Mayakovsky

The poetic Russian process, as well as the literary process of Mayakovsky for two decades (until the 1920s) was characterized by special wealth and diversity: it was precisely these years that marked the beginning and the emergence of the most modern literary groups and trends, with the developmental history associated with the flowering of the works of famous artists the words. It was at the turn of these events that the creative path of writer V. Mayakovsky unfolded.

Yesenin

Yesenin learned literature at difficult times for her. The imperialist war, to which Russia was drawn, marked the split even sharper. The split was planned in the ranks of the artistic Russian intelligentsia for two centuries with the in-depth revolution of 1907. The literary course of Esenin was a kind of decadent trend, which broke with the traditional civic-mindedness of the time in the literature of that time, and his works were combined under the "war to the victorious end". Also with support for the war in Russia were the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, who had great influence in the circles of the Russian intelligentsia. The war and the great poet supported the war. Meanwhile, the literary currents of the Silver Age with their own foundations came to naught. The intelligentsia and, especially, the Russian Social Democracy failed to strengthen the position of literature and art, to bring closer or to postpone change.

Russian Acmeism

The literary course of acmeism was distinguished by an increased interest in cultural associations, it entered into a roll with the past literary eras. "Sorrow over the declining world culture" - so OE Mandelshtam subsequently defined acmeism. The moods and motifs of "exotic novels" and the tradition of Lermontov's "iron poems" from Gumilyov; The image of the old Russian writing of Dante and the psychological novels of AA Akhmatova; The idea of Zenkiewicz's natural philosophy; The ancient world of Mandelstam; The mystical world of N. Gogol in Narbut, GS Skovoroda - and this is not all the list of cultural layers that are affected by the Acmeists. Each of the Acmeists at the same time had a creative originality. When NS Gumilev in his poetry revealed the "strong personality", and the works of MA Kuzmin concealed the characteristic akmeism of aesthetics, the work of AA Akhmatova and Yesenina developed more progressively, the narrow boundaries of acmeism, In which the realistic beginning and patriotic motives prevailed. Discoveries Acmeists in the field of artistic form are still used by some modern poets.

Literary trends of the 20th century

First of all, this orientation to the classical, archaic and everyday mythology; Cyclic time model; Mythological bricolage - works are built like collages of reminiscences and quotations from famous works.

The literary course of that time has 10 components:

1. Neomythologism.

2. Autism.

3. Illusion / reality.

4. Priority of the style above the story.

5. Text in the text.

6. Destruction of the plot.

7. Pragmatics, not semantics.

8. Syntax, not vocabulary.

9. The observer.

10. Violation of the principles of the coherence of the text.