Bones of the lower limb of man. Joints of the lower limbs of man

Everyone can perfectly imagine the skeleton of a man, thanks to the numerous photos and drawings that each of us saw at school. But do we know that the skeleton of an adult consists of a large number of different bones, each of which fulfills a certain function?

The human skeleton: what does it consist of?

The human skeleton is its support. He is not only able to act for the human body as a storehouse for his internal organs and systems, but also is the place of attachment of his muscles. With the help of a skeleton, a person is able to perform various movements: walking, jumping, sitting, lying, and much more. An interesting fact is that the skeleton of a person - the union of bones - is formed in a child who is still in the womb of the mother. True, at first it is only a cartilaginous tissue, replaced in the course of his life by bone. The baby has practically no bones inside the hollow space. It occurs there in the process of human growth. One of the most important functions of the human skeleton is the formation of new blood cells, which produces the bone marrow, which is located in it. The peculiarity of the bones of the human skeleton is the preservation during a lifetime (and hence continuous growth and development) of a certain form. The list of bones of the human skeleton includes more than 200 names. Many of them are paired, while the rest do not form pairs (33-34 pieces). These are some of the bones of the sternum and skull, as well as the coccyx, sacrum, vertebrae.

Functions of the limbs of man

It is very important to know that the process of evolution, that is, the continuous development of man, has left a direct imprint on the functioning of many of his bones. The upper section of the human skeleton with its movable limbs is designed primarily for human survival in the world. With the help of hands he is able to cook food, do homework, serve himself, etc. Also, there are bones of the lower limbs of a person. Their anatomy is so thought out that a person is able to keep in an upright position. At the same time, they serve as the basis for movement and support. I would like to note that the lower limbs are less mobile, in comparison with the upper ones. They are by weight and density more massive. But along with this, their functions are very important for a person.

Skeleton of the lower limb of man

Consider the human skeleton: the skeleton of the lower limb and the upper limb is represented by a belt and a free part. In the upper part are the following bones: chest belt, scapula and clavicle, humerus and forearm bones, brush. Bones of the lower limb of a person include: pelvic girdle (or paired pelvic bones), thigh, shin, foot. The bones of the free lower limb of a person, as well as the belt, are able to withstand the weight of a person, so they are so important to him. After all, in fact, only with the help of these connections it can be in an upright position.

Pelvic girdle (paired pelvic bones)

The first component part, which is the basis of the bone forming the belt of the lower limb of a person, will be the pelvic bone. It is she who changes her structure after the puberty of any adult person. Before this age, it is said that the pelvic girdle consists of three separate bones (iliac, pubic and sciatic), connected by a cartilaginous tissue. Thus, they form a certain cavity, where the head of the hip is placed. Bone pelvis is formed by joining the front of the same bones. At the back he is articulated with the help of a sacrum. As a result, pelvic bones form a peculiar ring, which is a repository for the internal organs of man.

Femur and patella

The bones of the belt of the lower limb of a person are not so mobile as the rest of it, which is called - the free lower limb. It consists of: thigh, shin and foot. The thigh, or femur, is a tubular bone. It is also the largest and longest of all bones with which the human body is endowed. In its upper part, the femur is connected to the pelvic girdle by means of a head and a long, thin neck. Where the neck passes into the main part of the femur, there are two large tubercles on it. It is here that the main mass of muscles of the lower limbs of a person is attached. The thigh bone becomes thicker. Here there are two elevations, thanks to which the thigh joins, eventually, with the patella and shin. The patella is a flat bone of round shape, with the help of which the leg bends in the knee. Bones of the lower limb of man, namely the thigh and patella, carry the following functions: the place of attachment of the main mass of muscles located on the legs, and the possibility of bending the leg.

Shin

The human shin consists of two bones: tibia and fibula. They are located next to each other. The first of them is quite massive and thick. From above, it connects with the outgrowths (condyles) of the femur and the head of the fibula. The tibia bones turn from one side to the medial malleolus, and on the other hand it is located directly under the skin. The fibula is smaller in size. But on the edges it is also thickened. Due to this, it connects to the tibia from above, and from the bottom forms the lateral ankle. It is important that both components of the shin, which also represent the bones of the lower limb of a person, are tubular bones.

Human foot bones

The bones of the human foot are divided into three main parts: the tarsal bones, metatarsals and phalanges of the fingers. It is important to note that the foot represents free bones of the lower limb of a person. The first of these include seven bones, the main of which is a bone called the talus and forming the ankle joint, and the heel bone. Next are the bones of the metatarsal. There are only five of them, the first of them is much thicker and shorter than the others. The toes of the foot are made up of bones called phalanges. The peculiarity of their structure lies in the fact that the big toe contains 2 phalanxes, the remaining fingers - three pieces each.

Anatomy of the joints of the lower limbs of man. Sacroiliac joint, pubic symphysis

Just want to say that all the joints of the lower limb are very large, compared with the joints of the upper limbs. They have a large number of different ligaments, thanks to which the variety of movements that can be done with the help of the feet of a person is realized. Bones and joints of the bones of the lower limb were originally created in order to support the human body and move it. Therefore, certainly, they are reliable, strong and capable of withstanding heavy loads. Let's start with the uppermost, on the location, joints. With their help, pelvic bones are connected, and a man's pelvis is formed. In front of such a joint is called pubic symphysis, and behind - sacroiliac. The first is based on the pubic bones located towards each other . Strengthening of the pubic symphysis is formed due to a large number of ligaments. The sacroiliac joint is very firm and practically immobile. It is tightly attached not only to the pelvic bones, but also to the lower spine with dense ligaments.

Taz man: large and small. Hip Joint

It has already been described above that the bones of the belt of the lower limb of a person are represented primarily by the pelvic bones. They, connecting with the sacrum and pubic symphysis, form a basin. It is, figuratively speaking, a ring that protects all organs, vessels and nerve endings that are inside from external influences. A large and small pelvis is distinguished. In women, it is much wider and lower than that of men. The representatives of the fair sex all thought out to facilitate the birth process, so the pelvis has a more rounded shape and a greater capacity. The joints of the bones of the lower limb are also represented by one of the most famous representatives of this group - the hip joint. Why is he so famous? A dislocation of the hip joint is the most well-known defect in the development of the lower limbs, which can be detected just a month after the birth of the baby. It is very important to do this on time, since this untreated diagnosis can bring a lot of trouble in adulthood. The hip joint consists of a hollow of the pelvic bone and the head of the femur. The test joint has many ligaments, due to which it is strong and sufficiently mobile. Typically, the anomaly of hip joint development in childhood, experienced orthopedists can diagnose with the help of a routine examination of the patient. Leaving the legs to the sides in a lying position by 180 degrees is possible only with healthy hip joints.

Knee-joint

Imagine a human skeleton. The connection of bones in the form of joints is necessary for a person for the strength of the connection of bones and creating the maximum mobility of all his limbs. An excellent example of such a joint is the knee joint. By the way, it is considered to be the largest joint in the human body. And its structure is very complex: the knee joint is formed with the help of condyles of the femur, patella, tibia. The whole joint is wrapped in reliable ligaments, which, along with ensuring the movement of the leg, keep it in the right position. Thanks to him, not only standing, but also walking. The knee joint can produce various movements: circular, flexural and extensor.

Ankle joint

This joint serves to directly connect the foot and lower leg. Around there are numerous ligaments that provide various movements and necessary stability to the human body.

Plusus-phalangeal joints

The joints studied are interesting in their shape, in comparison with other joints of the lower limb of a person. They are like a ball. Strengthening for them serve as ligaments along the sides and on the sole of the foot. They can move, although the variety of their movement does not differ: small leads to the sides, flexion and extension. The human foot consists of numerous (inactive) joints and ligaments. With their help, and movement is carried out, while the human body has the necessary support. So, we can conclude that the bones of the belt of the lower limb of a person are less mobile than the free bones of a similar department. But the functions of this are not less than those of others.

How do human limbs develop with age?

We all know that during life certain transformations are also undergone by the human skeleton. The skeleton of the lower limb experiences strong changes with age. Bones that develop on the basis of connective tissue have three stages of their change: connective tissue, cartilaginous and bone tissue. Pelvic bone: pawned during intrauterine development of the fetus. Formed cartilaginous interlayers between the pelvic bones are usually preserved until the puberty of a person. Then they will be bones. Patella: the points of ossification can appear in the child by the age of 2, completely it occurs somewhere in 7 years. Interestingly, the lower extremities in newborn babies grow much faster than in adults. The peak of such rapid growth is during puberty: girls - 13-14 years; In boys - 12-13 years.

Remember that the human skeleton is subject to various injuries in the form of injuries and even fractures. Since he is entrusted to perform such a large number of important functions of the body, it must be protected. Eating properly (food with sufficient calcium helps to strengthen the skeleton), lead an active lifestyle (physical education and exercise), monitor your health (any irregularities in the functioning of the skeleton should be checked by a competent specialist) - all this must be done to every person. And then your old age you will meet cheerful, healthy and cheerful.