Decoding of biochemical blood test in adults (table). Biochemical blood test in children: indicators, norm

Everyone wants to know if everything is in order with health. To do this, there is a system of laboratory tests, which with a high degree of reliability can tell about the actual state of the patient. Among the most common can be called a biochemical blood test. In adults and children, this laboratory test can show the presence of hidden diseases and will make it possible to be informed about the state of health in general.

This kind of research is very informative. It not only helps to identify any ailment, but also provides information about what vitamins, minerals and other vital substances are lacking in the human body. Very often, a biochemical blood test ( normal values , a transcript is familiar to every doctor) is assigned to identify gastrointestinal tract diseases, the genitourinary system, with gynecological problems and with suspected oncology.

But do not think that this type of blood test is prescribed only if there are certain complaints. Even if the patient feels satisfactory, the biochemistry of the blood will reveal the latent forms and early stages of the disease or the lack of important substances.

How to analyze

The procedure for submitting material for research has its own rules. Before going to a medical facility for this examination, the patient should not eat and drink, not even water.

For examination, the laboratory assistant takes 5 ml of blood from the ulnar vein from the patient. The sample is then subjected to a comprehensive test, and the results are written into a special form. The interpretation of the biochemical analysis of blood in adults (the table is presented in this article) serves as a full-fledged source of data for the doctor. It is capable of giving full information about the state of the patient's body.

The very figures in the form are not very informative. In order to really evaluate the results, the physician needs to take the norms of laboratory tests for comparison. The biochemistry of the blood will then become understandable.

Each of the criteria for analysis does not have clearly defined norms. For all survey points, there are minimum and maximum allowable values. If the result is within the normal range, the patient has no abnormalities. In the case of the fallout of an existing value from the limit values, it is a question of the presence of pathological changes.

Decoding of the biochemical analysis of blood in adults - a table in which a fairly large number of items are indicated. Let's consider in more detail the most significant criteria of the given laboratory research.

Albumen

Albumin is a substance of a protein nature that is produced in the human liver. It is one of the main proteins of blood and is released into a separate group, called "protein fractions." The change in the ratio of such groups is very informative for the doctor. Very often, according to the results of measurement of albumin, the condition of the kidneys, the presence of cancer or rheumatism is judged.

Albumin is somewhat lowered in pregnant and lactating women, as well as in smokers. This protein substance can be in a low concentration during starvation, a protein-poor diet, the intake of hormonal drugs and contraceptives. The increased value of this criterion may indicate availability:

• Liver pathologies of acute and chronic nature (cirrhosis, hepatitis, tumor);
• Injuries and burns;
• Sepsis, suppuration or infection;
• Rheumatism;
• Febrile states;
• Heart failure;
• Cancer;
• Overdose of medicines.

The normative indices of albumin content are:

Patient's age	Standard, g / l
children	37 - 53
Under 60 years old	36 - 51
Elderly age 60 years and above	35 - 47

Total protein

Proteins are polymeric substances consisting of amino acids. In biochemistry, the term "total protein" includes the amount of proteins in serum and consists of albumin and globulins. This indicator is informative in the diagnosis of liver disease, gastrointestinal cancer, oncology and with severe burn injuries. A quantitative measure of the total protein will show the decoding of the biochemical blood test in adults, the table of which is presented below.

Patient's age	Standard, g / l
Newborn children	48 - 73
Up to 1 year	45 - 71
1-4 years	62 - 73
5-7 years	51 - 77
Children from 8 to 15 years old	59 - 75
Adults	65 - 84

If, as a result of the analysis, the figures of these figures were underestimated, we can say about the following problems of the patient:

• infection;
• Rheumatic ailments;
• Cancer diseases.

In children, an increase in the level of total protein accompanies intestinal obstruction, diarrhea and vomiting, cholera and severe burns.

If a person has this criterion of blood biochemistry lowered, it can say about the following diseases:

• Pathological phenomena in the liver, which lead to a decrease in protein production by this organ;
• Glomerulonephritis;
• Pancreatitis;
• Violations in the work of the digestive tract.

Usually, the total protein is reduced in patients with large blood loss, severe burns, various trauma and inflammatory processes, as well as fasting and high physical exertion.

C-reactive protein

This component speaks about inflammation, infections, the presence of parasites. Since the function of this protein - mobilization of immunity, then its concentration begins to increase sharply when the protective reactions of the body manifest. Normally, the concentration of CRP is 0.5 mg / l.

For a physician, CRP analysis is important in diagnosing diseases caused by bacteria or viruses. Also on the dynamics of this indicator, he judges the effectiveness of the therapy. An increased concentration of CRP is observed when:

• Rheumatism;
• Diseases of the digestive system;
• Tuberculosis;
• Myocardial infarction;
• Cancer;
• Meningitis;
• Sepsis;
• Complication after surgery.

Concentration of CRP increases during the period of exacerbation of chronic diseases.

Glycolic hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of oxygen molecules throughout the body. In the process of attaching to such a protein of the glucose molecule, a substance called glycated hemoglobin is obtained. Increasing its concentration in the blood - an occasion to suspect diabetes. The norm of the content of this protein is 4.1-6.6%. Reduced rates are with prolonged abstinence from food and heavy physical exertion.

Myoglobin

This protein is similar in function to hemoglobin. It supplies oxygen to the heart and skeletal muscles. Norms of myoglobin, mcg / l:

• In women - 13-75;
• In men it is 18-92.1.

The increase in myoglobin in the blood speaks about:

• Kidney pathology;
• Myocardial infarction;
• Injuries, burns;
• Convulsive phenomena.

Myoglobin also grows with sports and therapy with the use of electro pulses.

This protein of blood decreases when:

• Polymyositis;
• Myasthenia gravis;
• Rheumatoid arthritis;
• Autoimmune reactions.

Transferrin, ferritin, iron-absorbing ability of serum

Transferrin is a protein responsible for iron transfer. The norm of its content is 2.1-4.12 g / l. Its concentration rises in pregnant women and decreases in the elderly.

If the biochemistry of the blood showed an increased content of transferrin, it can talk about the following diseases:

• Inflammatory phenomena;
• Burns;
• cancer;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• Excess iron;
• Hemochromatosis.

Elevated transferrin indicates the development of iron deficiency anemia.

Ferritin is a protein that can be found in all the fluids and cells of the human body. It shows the presence of iron reserves. The normalized values of ferritin, ng / l in the blood depend on the sex and are:

• For men - 21-252;
• In women - 11-122;

With its higher rates, we can talk about the following pathologies:

• Hemochromatosis with excess iron;
• Oncology, leukemia;
• Infectious and inflammatory diseases in chronic or acute form;
• Liver disease;

Low ferritin indicates the presence of anemia.

JCC speaks of how iron binds to transferrin. For the definition of anemia use the concept of latent heart disease. The norm for this criterion is 22-61 μmol / l. Its decrease occurs when:

• Hepatitis;
• Anemia.

The decrease in LHS is observed under the following conditions:

• Infectious diseases;
• Tumors;
• nephrosis;
• Exhaustion;
• Cirrhosis;
• Hemochromatosis and thalassemia.

Rheumatoid factor

These substances belong to immunoglobulins of class G-IgG. These proteins are native to the human body, which under the influence of viruses mutated and began to recognize cells of various organs as foreign. The norm of biochemical analysis of blood in adults for this indicator is 10.1 units / ml. In cases of increased concentration of this protein, we are talking about the following ailments:

• cirrhosis of the liver;
• cancer;
• Polymyositis;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• Dermatomyositis;
• Infection;
• Systemic lupus erythematosus.

Enzymes

The decoding of the biochemical analysis of blood in adults, the table of which is given to the patient on hand, also contains data on the quantitative content of the following enzymes:

• Amylase. This enzyme is excreted with saliva (diastase) and in the pancreas. The latter is called pancreatic amylase. Diastase is characterized by the norms of 29-101 U / l. Excess of this indicator indicates pancreatic abnormalities, cholecystitis, acute peritonitis, parotitis and diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic amylase is normal, if it is in the range of 0-52 units / l. Excessive concentration indicates the pathology of the pancreas.
• Lactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that can be found in virtually all organs and tissues. With age, its concentration drops. If the newborn has a LDH content of 2010 units / l, then after 12 years the standard is reduced to 252 units / liter. High concentration of this enzyme speaks about hypoxia, heart and vascular diseases, liver, lungs and can indicate cancer.
• Creatine kinase is an enzyme that provides energy to the muscles. The content of this substance will show a biochemical blood test. Norms, the indices of this enzyme vary according to age and sex. If the newborn has a given indicator of 650 units / l, then in adults it is about 202 units / liter.

Increased concentration of creatine kinase speaks about heart ailments, tetanus, hypothyroidism, CNS diseases and cancer. The concentration of this enzyme decreases with muscular dystrophy and hypodynamia.

The content of these and other enzymes will give an idea of the biochemical analysis of blood. Biochemistry of blood can also tell about the concentration of the following enzymes: ALT, Gamma-HT, AsAT, cholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase and lipase.

Lipids

The main indicators of biochemical blood analysis include lipids, mmol / l:

• Total cholesterol, the norm of 3,2-6,12;
• LDL, the norm for men - 2,26-4,81, for women - 1,9-4,51;
• HDL, the standard for men is 0.73-1.74, for women - 0.87-2.27.

Overestimated indicators of these criteria speak of heart and vascular disease, kidney, gout, pancreatic abnormalities, obesity, anorexia and alcoholism. Decreased lipids testifies to anemia, heart failure, infections, cirrhosis and liver cancer, lung diseases.

Carbohydrates

A table of biochemical blood analysis, the interpretation of which is of interest to all patients, also contains information on the content of carbohydrates:

• Glucose. It is a decisive factor in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Glucose levels in blood, mol / l are: in children and adolescents - 3.34-5.6; In adults, 3.95-5.82; After 60 years - 6.4. The high content of this carbohydrate speaks of endocrine diseases, diabetes, heart attack and stroke, pancreas and kidney diseases. Decrease in glucose testifies to diseases of the digestive tract, poisoning and hypothyroidism.
• Fructosamine is a criterion in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and assessment of the quality of its treatment. Its limiting concentrations are 203-282 μmol / l. In the case of increased values it is a question of kidney anomalies, diabetes mellitus or hypothyroidism. With reduced concentrations of fructosamine, we are talking about hyperthyroidism and kidney ailments.

Pigments

Among other indicators in the analysis of "blood biochemistry" you can find the mark "bilirubin". It is measured in μmol / l and can be of several types:

• Straight. Norm 0-3,32;
• Common. The standard is 3.38-17.23.

Increased bilirubin indicates anomalies of the liver and insufficient vitamin B ₁₂ .

Other components of biochemistry of blood

Each doctor has an idea how to decipher a biochemical blood test: the norm (table: adults and children) of each component is needed to assess the patient's condition. In addition to the above components, the list of results of this laboratory study includes:

Index	Units	Norm
Creatinine	Μmol / l	Up to one year - 17-36 From year to 14 years - 28-61 Women - 52-98 Men - 61-116
Uric acid		Up to 14 years - 1,83-6,42 Men - 210-420 Women - 151-352
Urea	Mmol, l	Up to 14 years - 1,83-6,42 Adults 14-60 years - 2.51-6.42 After 60 years - 2.91-7.52
Potassium		Up to the year - 4,12-5,31 1-14 years old - 3.42-4.72 Adults - 3.51-5.54
Calcium		2.23-2.52
Sodium		136-145
Chlorine		98-107
Magnesium		0.63-1.12
Phosphorus		Up to 2 years - 1,46-2,15 2-12 years old - 1.45-1.77 Adults 12-60 years old - 0.88-1.46 Women after 60 years - 0,9-1,33 Men after 60 years - 0,73-1,22
Iron	Μmol / l	Up to one year - 7,22-17,92 1-14 years - 9.03-21.52 Women - 9.0-30.4 Men - 11.63-30.42
Vitamin B12	Pg / ml	180-900
Folic acid	Ng / ml	3.1-18

When assessing the compliance of data obtained as a result of the study of blood biochemistry, the standards of the laboratory in which the analysis was performed are necessarily taken into account. In order to make an accurate diagnosis, the doctor necessarily prescribes additional studies.