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What is orthoepia? What are its rules and laws?

When a person sits with a pen to the table or to a computer with the intention of writing something, he thinks about how to write one or another letter, place punctuation marks. In oral speech, we usually care less about the correct pronunciation, and in vain. The science dealing with the normative spelling of certain words is called orthography (from Greek - "spelling"), and a similar discipline of oral speech - orthoepia (in translation - "correct speaking"). To understand what is orthoepia, you need to have an idea of its basic laws and principles. To master the skills of orthoepy is important, especially in the business sphere, the media, and also in order to create the impression of an intelligent person.

Dialects

Dialects are variations in the system of one language. For them, not global differences in phonetics, vocabulary, syntax, grammar and other aspects of language are peculiar, but private ones. Naturally, only one variant of a language can not exist and develop normally. Dialects arise because people living in different territories, but speaking the same language, are exposed to different linguistic influences from neighbors, immigrants, etc. What is the orthoepia and dialects, it is easier to understand by examples: remember the softened "d", which is often pronounced in the Kuban - the influence of Ukrainian, or "pevkvennoe" pronunciation of St. Petersburg - a consequence of too many literate people.

Literary Russian speech

In Russia, as elsewhere, there are many dialects. They are even classified into species and subspecies! The most famous ones are probably Vologda and Kuban. Literary speech is the same as pronunciation, common in St. Petersburg and Moscow.

Basic rules of spelling of the Russian language

A) stunning. Consonant sounds in Russian sometimes become noisy (that is, completely deaf) before, in fact, noisy and at the end of the word. Examples: in the word mushroom we say "n", although we write "b" (end of word);

B) before the sonants, sonorous and vowels, and also at the beginning of the word sounds sometimes ring ("with" in the word a request).

The pronunciation of vowel sounds will be considered separately, since it is the one that differs most in different dialects:

A) Akane is the transformation of "o" into "a" in an unstressed position. The reverse phenomenon - okanie - is widespread in Vologda and other northern dialects (for example, we say "mALAKO" instead of "milk");

B) Icicle - "e" turns into "and" in an unstressed position (we speak in Ilikan, not the giant).

C) reduction - that is, the reduction of vowels in pre- or pre-shock positions, that is, their pronunciation is faster and crumpled. A clear difference, like with stunning or croaking, is not here. You can only observe on your own that some vowels we pronounce longer than others (marmalade: the last "a", if you listen, it's pronounced much longer than the first one).

What is orthoepia for different languages in the world?

In Russian, the morphological orthography is widespread - that is, the morpheme is uniform throughout the process of word formation (exceptions are alternations in roots and writing "s" after consoles on consonants). In Belarus, for example, the phonetic system: as we say - and write. Therefore, it is much easier and much more important for Belarusian schoolchildren to understand what orthoepia is. Or, for example, in some languages of the world (Finnish, Turkish) the words are very, very long - it is impossible to pronounce many different vowels in one word. Consequently, the vowels all adjust to one - the shock. Over time, this principle has passed into writing.

Right speech

It is even more difficult to master and constantly use the literary norms of the language than to write wisely, but nevertheless, this skill is one of the most important for an intelligent person.

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