The rate of reaction of the trait. What is the rate of reactions?

In pathological physiology, the correspondence of the dynamics of indices in the field of morphology, biochemistry and functionality of the human body is considered the norm. All of them can vary depending on the quality of the environment. Under normal conditions, the biological system perfectly adapts to virtually any condition, which means its full viability.

Optimism of the working process of a biological type system means maximum performance of protective functions with minimal energy costs. The state of the body can always be determined by relying on such an aspect as the rate of reactions.

The difference between the rate of reactions and pathology

The possible range of variability of genetic traits, which directly depends on the environment, is the response rate. Pathology is considered to be a state with insufficient or excessive degree of response at the biological level. The reaction rate can be different.

Difficulty in determining these concepts is the frequent variability of functional and metabolic indicators - it depends on the physical condition of a person. It should be noted that during the development of the pathological process, there are always reactions of damage and protection. There are cases when these signs are reincarnated into each other.

Everyone knows that health is called a state of well-being from a physical, psychological and financial point of view, and not just the absence of disease or an external defect. Many tests and inoculations allow an accurate assessment of the state of the human body. The reaction rate is an important part of the diagnosis.

What is the purpose of Pirke's test (the Mantoux reaction)

All children are made "button" right after the first year of life, then everyone goes through this procedure in school. The sample is taken to check the human body for the presence of a tubercle bacillus. The Mantoux reaction is determined by the size of the inflammation at the injection site. On the skin immediately after the test, you can see a slight irritation - this is a specific reaction to a shot of tuberculin. This process is caused by the protective actions of T-lymphocytes - it is these blood particles that are responsible for immunity at the cellular level. The essence of the test is that the introduced microbacteria are a magnet for useful microorganisms, moving them to a closer distance to the skin. The most common reaction to tuberculin is lymphocytes, "familiar" with the tuberculosis component of the vaccine. If there is a Koch sticks in the body, the reaction will be intense. Accordingly, in this case the test has a positive result.

Accuracy of the test

Inflammation from the introduction of tuberculin is considered a type of allergic process. It is worth noting that the positive result of the test is not evidence of the presence of the disease - it is recommended to conduct more detailed studies, for example, fluorography and sputum culture. Only after receiving all the necessary data doctors can identify an accurate diagnosis.

The norm of reactions in children and adults on the Pirka test is significantly different in size. It is also important to note that the older generation rarely passes this test for tuberculosis.

Mantoux reaction: normal in an adult

Prior to the appointment of Pirke, the specialist conducts a preliminary examination. If the signs of the disease are identified as an diagnostic for an adult, this procedure can be carried out, but most often experts use x-rays.

A diverse Mantoux reaction is possible. The norm in an adult is a papule, the size of which does not exceed 21 mm. The test is used to identify infected patients, but not patients. It is known that an adult can acquire tuberculosis with Mantoux permanence, so a more effective way to determine is considered fluorography.

Heredity

Under the influence of the environment, several factors can change. For a particular organism, a different reaction rate of the symptom is possible, but it never goes beyond the norm. For example, height, weight and physical strength can depend on a quality diet, and the color of rabbit hair is inherited. In other words, organisms do not inherit certain qualities, but the ability to exhibit certain properties in a variety of conditions. From generation to generation, the norm of the reaction of the sign passes.

Variability of the modification type

A wide response rate is quantitative signs that are controlled by polygens (weight, milk quality, skin pigmentation). The range of variability can be varied. A narrow reaction rate characterizes other properties and is modified very poorly (blood type or eye color).

Possible reaction of urine

The main factor of pathology is a decreased or increased acidity (pH). The norm of the urinary medium is observed when eating the right food. In this case, the reaction is considered neutral (pH = 7) or weakly acidic (pH varies from 5 to 7). These indicators are used to study adults and children who eat mixed foods. All nursing infants who are breastfed have a neutral or alkaline reaction. Acidity directly depends on food. When alkaline reaction can be concluded about the consumption of large amounts of vegetables, soda or bread. Increased acidity occurs after taking protein and fatty foods, white bread, as well as a long abstention from eating. There is a different reaction of urine, the norm is also changing.

Density of urine

This point is also of great importance in the survey. A person is considered healthy if the indicators range from 1003 to 1,028 units. In this case, the acceptable reaction rate is from 1001 to 1040. Changes are affected by proper nutrition and the use of sufficient water. The increase in indices depends on eating meat, potency, vomiting or diarrhea. Density reduction can be associated with vegetarianism.

The importance of organic substances in the urine

These microorganisms are a characteristic of the variability of the norm. The general analysis of urine gives doctors a complete idea of the required amount of organic substances. Most often, such components as:

• protein;
• bilirubin;
• Amount of glucose;
• Urobilin;
• Bile acid acids (pigments);
• Indikan;
• Ketone bodies.

These biological elements can be determined in various ways. Today the most frequently used automatic analyzers and test strips. The first type is able to immediately indicate the concentration of biological substances, and the second method is used only for screening purposes and provides the answer in the form of "there is / there is no organic structure in the urine." The norm when taking an analysis in a healthy person may be a protein (0.03 grams) or urobilinogen (6-10 micromolts per day). All the other substances listed above are absent in the urine, otherwise it indicates the presence of the disease. There are always exceptions, for example, a strong load, hypothermia or overheating, excessive emotions - all this easily provokes an increase in protein to 3-5 g, but also indicates that the urine reaction is normal. The increase in the level of this element can still be due to a large number of red blood cells, bacteria or leukocytes.

Sediment in the urine

When the stage of determining the physical properties of the material taken and the presence of organic substances in it is completed, the liquid is processed in a special centrifuge. The resulting sediment is tested in a laboratory under a microscope. Such a process helps to determine the exact amount of the following biological substances: leukocytes, red blood cells, cylinders, epithelium, salt crystals, mucus, bacteria.

Information on organic substances in urine sediment

The general analysis gives a complete picture of the content of various elements in the body, by the number of which it is easy to determine the presence of a disease.

Leukocytes

A common norm of leukocytes in a healthy person is:

• 0-3 - for men;
• 0-5 - in women.

If in the analysis of urine there is a significant increase in these organic elements, we can confidently state the presence of an inflammatory process in the human body.

Erythrocytes

In the absence of disease, the elements are not observed in the resulting sediment or there are units of cells. It is worth noting that there are pathological and physiological causes of these substances. The first option is associated with a disease of the genitourinary system. Physiological causes are: excessive physical exertion; Long standing state; Reception sulfanilamidnyh funds or preparations anticoagulant type. Such variants mean fluctuations in the norm and do not always indicate the presence of diseases.

Cylinders

These substances have the following types:

• hyaline;
• grainy;
• waxy;
• epithelial;
• Leukocyte;
• Erythrocyte.

All of the above elements, in addition to the first, should be absent in the urinary sediment. Cylinders hyaline type can occur in a healthy person under the influence of:

• Cold water (shower, dousing, etc.);
• Physical process;
• Overvoltage;
• Work at high temperatures (hot types of production, hot weather on the street).

In these cases, the detected substances are not considered pathologies, but are of the nature of ordinary fluctuations, in which case the concept of "the norm of reactions" is also applicable.

Epithelium

The norm in urinary sediment is the finding of single cells, usually this amount is equal to three. The following types of biological substances are distinguished:

• Flat urethral (urogenital canal);
• Transient, located in the kidneys, ureters and bladder;
• renal.

In the absence of basic measures of hygiene, a woman can have an elevated level of flat epithelium. More often, an increase in the number of cells indicates the presence of pathology. Occurrence of a renal variety of an epithelium can testify about disease.

Slime

The norm of mucus in healthy people is its complete absence. The appearance of an element means the presence of pathology in the organs of the urinary system.

Bacteria

In the urinary sediment of a healthy person, the norm is the absence of bacteria, the appearance of which is possible only during infectious and inflammatory processes in the reproductive system.

Salts in the analysis

In the sediment of urine, the following varieties of biological substances are distinguished: oxalates, urates, tripple phosphates. The appearance of crystals in the analysis may depend on changes in the diet or on the acidity of the material taken, the amount of fluid consumed, and much more. For example, a large number of fresh tomatoes in food leads to the appearance of oxalates in the urine. Frequent use of chocolate, wine (red) and meat leads to the appearance of urates. Some crystals of salt fall into the sediment only in acidic medium, and there are elements that arise exclusively in alkaline. From this it follows that a change in acidity in the urinary medium is the starting point to the crystallization of salts. Before that, they were completely dissolved and not identified in the analysis.

After reading this material, you can confidently be able to answer the question about what the reaction rate is.