The History of Afghanistan In The Beginning of Xix V.

The first open attempts to intervene in England in the internal affairs of Afghanistan date back to the beginning of the 19th century. Specific actions of England were aimed at complicating the domestic political situation in the Afghan emirates, and first of all in the domain of Dost Muhammad, aggravation of his relations with his neighbors. By the end of the 30s of the XIX century. England began to prepare for war. In the autumn of 1838, Governor-General of India D. Oakland gave the order to start military operations. Fierce resistance to foreigners took the scale and nature of the people's war.

A significant role in uniting the masses was played by Muslim theologians, who called upon the people to jihad against the "infidels" of the English. After a number of serious military defeats, the British left the country in 1842. In the history of Afghanistan, this period became the unification of peoples in the struggle against the British and their expulsion created certain political prerequisites for a new reunification of the Afghan lands. Emir Dost Muhammad and his son Sher Ali Khan (1863-1879) spread their power to Herat, Kandahar, and also the regions on the left bank of the Amu Darya. As in the reign of Ahmad Shah Durrani, their territories included areas inhabited not only by Afghans, but also by Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazarasians who lived in relatively few regions in a number of regions, although there were practically no strict ethnic boundaries between the areas of their resettlement . For example, Tajiks were an integral part of the population both in the Uzbek regions in the North and in the Afghan regions in the South; In Gura and Zamindawara, there lived Afghans, both Hazaras and Tajiks. The convergence of different ethnic groups was undoubtedly facilitated by the practice of their religion of Islam, although some of them, unlike Afghans, Tajiks of the plains and the Charaimaks, were not Sunnis, but Shiites or Ismailis. The History of Afghanistan In the Beginning of Xix V..

As for the public attitude, they were largely determined not by the ethnic belonging, but by economic and geographical factors. The sedentary population of agricultural oases and townspeople were, as noted, dragged into the system of feudal relations much earlier; In the midst of nomads and semi-nomads, the hierarchy of patronyms was still very persistently preserved. However, it no longer existed on the basis of generic blood ties, but within the neighborhood of the community, which reflected the tendency of the increasingly obvious transformation of tribal divisions into military-administrative divisions.