Arts & EntertainmentLiterature

Stanyukovich Konstantin Mikhailovich: biography, creativity

In Russian literature, this name is inextricably linked with the genre of marine painting. It was almost banal assertion that in Russian art there are two unsurpassed singers of the sea element, equal in talent: in painting - Ivan Aivazovsky, in the literature - Stanyukovich. Konstantin Mikhailovich was a descendant of the genus of hereditary sailors. It would seem, what else could he write, he successfully started his career as a naval officer, when he felt a craving for literary creativity? Meanwhile, he found his main theme far from immediately.

Admiral's son

He was born in 1843 in the city, personifying the sea glory of Russia - in Sevastopol. Father - Admiral Mikhail Nikolayevich Staniukovich - served as military governor and commandant of the Sevastopol military port. "Terrible Admiral," as his son-writer later called him, considered the naval service to be the best thing for a man, strict military order - the most correct way of organizing life, suitable for the family. A descendant of the ancient noble Polish-Lithuanian clan Stankovich, he possessed an iron will and a strong character. Maritime business was an ancient family tradition: even his wife Lyubov Feodorovna was the daughter of a naval officer.

The dynasty must be continued - this was convinced Admiral Stanyukovich. Konstantin Mikhailovich, since childhood, a smart and smart child, became in this respect the main hope of his father. He took measures for the initial education of his son, putting him as a mentor and home teacher well-educated, came from the Petersburg intelligentsia Ippolit Matveyevich Debu. He was exiled to the rank of soldier, after the departure of the link. The link was an alternative to the death penalty in the case of Petrashevists (1949), a liberal circle of young socialists led by Mikhail Butashevich-Petrashevsky, where Fyodor Dostoevsky was a colleague of Debu's circle. Debu did not inspire his ten-year-old student with his radical views, but instilled in him a taste for good literature.

Defense Medal of Sevastopol

In 1853, the Crimean War began, which became a symbol of the accumulated social problems in Russia associated with the mediocre policy of autocracy, which dashed the hopes of the advanced layers of the people for the reforms expected after the victory in the war of 1812. This will result later in the revolutionary movement of the 1860s, whose influence Stanjakovich will not escape. Konstantin Mikhailovich will sympathize with reformist ideas, but for now he is 11 years old, and he watches the Anglo-French troops approaching Sevastopol.

During the defense of the city, Constantine is with his father and often fulfills the duties of a courier, delivers medicines to the dressing station, etc. He himself observes the heroism of Russian sailors and the tragedy of surrendering the city, sees the legendary leaders of defense - Admirals Kornilov and Istomin. When, after evacuation from the besieged base of the Black Sea Fleet in 1856, he enlisted in the St. Petersburg Corps of Pages., He receives there medals "In memory of the Eastern War" and "For the Defense of Sevastopol." At the petition of his father, who dreams of his son's naval career, in 1857 Stanyukovich became a cadet of the Marine Corps.

End of officer career

By the beginning of the 1860s he was already infected with a passion for word-making. In 1859, the magazine "Northern Flower" was published with his first publication - the poem "Retired Soldiers". A year later, between Konstantin Mikhailovich and his father, a conflict broke out, which marked the beginning of a coldness in their relationship, which would end after a short time with a complete break. The son announces his decision to transfer to a civilian educational institution - to St. Petersburg University, against which Admiral Stanyukovich sharply objects. Konstantin Mikhailovich will be forced to go on a round-the-world trip on the corvette "Kalevala", the crew of which he will be enlisted at the insistence of his father in the fall of 1860.

The old sailor hopes that in the strong ocean wind his son's head will be cleared of various nonsense, and the dynasty of the Stanyukovich fleet will continue. But for Constantine, taking part in a three-year round-the-clock circumnavigation is just a way to gain new knowledge and impressions for your writings. And it has already begun: in the popular edition of The Sea Collection, articles and essays by Midshipman Stanyukovich are printed, and in his spare time from service he unhesitatingly records his impressions of what he has seen and heard.

Retirement

In 1864, midshipman Stanyukovich, having overcome his father's active opposition, resigned from the fleet. The beginning of a new life is not easy. He begins active cooperation with various publications - "Golos", "Petersburg leaf", "Alarm clock", etc. The "Sea collection" published a story of Konstantin Stanyukovich "Storm". But soon it is necessary to marry Lyubov Nikolaevna Artseulova, then the birth of her first daughter, and the young writer faces the task of decent material support for the family. To this end, he several times goes to serve in various departments.

In creative terms, Stanyukovich continues to search for style and the main theme. Although his impressions of the sea service, published in a separate book in 1867 under the title "From the Circumnavigation", were met with interest, he is becoming more and more imbued with the desire to write on socio-political topics. He feels the rightness of the ideas expressed by the inspirers of the increasingly growing revolutionary movement, especially its radical wing - populism. At one time he even works as a teacher in the primary school of one of the villages of Muromsky Uyezd.

Editor of the journal Delo

Gradually, the theme of the sea fades into the background. Since 1872, Stanyukovich began to work actively in the journal "Delo", and since 1877 already in every issue his articles and satirical articles are published. Among them are Letters of a Notable Foreigner and Pictures of Public Life, which bring Stanyukovich the fame of a tough critic of Russian reality after the reforms of 1861. Similar themes are devoted to the novels "Whirlpool" and "Two Brothers", published in the early 80's.

In 1880, Stanyukovich became one of the editors of Dela, and three years later - his editor-in-chief. He already has a certain weight and authority among the supporters of revolutionary changes, and the official authorities and police bodies are characterized as "the identity of an anti-government way of thinking."

Arrest and reference

In the early 80's, the writer traveled several times abroad in connection with the illness of his eldest daughter. There he meets with a group of political emigrants from Russia, including the most radical ones, among whom were Narodnaya Volya - direct participants and organizers of terrorist attacks against prominent tsarist officials - S. Kravchinsky, V. Zasulich, and others.

This could not pass the attention of the police, especially after the attempt on March 1, 1881, against Alexander II, and in April 1884 Stanyukovich was arrested and placed in the casemates of the Peter and Paul Fortress. This happened when the writer returned from abroad, quite unexpectedly, and the family did not know for some time about his whereabouts. A long inquiry begins, which ended only a year later.

Second birth

In 1885, the writer was sent to Siberia for three years under police supervision and settled in Tomsk. Here the real birth of the great seascapes writer took place. He works a lot, creates and works with descriptions of Siberian life, but the main theme of his novels and stories is the life of military seamen.

There are his famous masterpieces from the collection "Sea Stories": "Man Overboard!", "On the Stone", "Escape", etc. Readers and progressive critic noted that Stanyukovich's prose is fascinating not only by the spirit of maritime romance, accuracy and reliability in the most Small details, but also a humanistic character, a desire for justice, attention to the common man.

"He not only felt, he lived marine life"

After returning from exile in 1888, Stanyukovich awaits in the capital an enthusiastic reception, caused by the loud success of his "Sea Stories". On his collection positively respond and professional sailors, and writers. The first one likes the masterful display of difficult sea life, the second is a clear and distinct language, an amazing novelty of plot moves. Such stories as "Man Overboard!", "Between Your Own", "The Death of the Hawk", etc., were noted for the accuracy of human characters, the truthfulness of actions determined by the complexity of life circumstances. They are alive people, the significance of which does not depend on the origin or education.

Positive feedback about Stanyukovich's stories was placed in publications of various political views. "Maksimka", "American Duel", "Truly Russian Man" and other works found understanding among the Slavophiles, who admired the pride for the high moral qualities of Russian sailors discovered in them. The kindness, courage and recklessness of their whole soul had for them a clear national source. "The Red Knave", "To distant lands", according to others, contained heights of the spirit, which are of universal value. The general opinion was on the educational and educational value of Stanyukovich's prose.

Heritage and Memory

The last years of the writer's life were filled with hard work, respect of colleagues, readers' love, illnesses and loss of loved ones. Konstantin Mikhailovich Staniukovich, whose biography remained closely connected with Russia from the first to the last breath, died in Naples, in 1903.

He is not considered a genius of Russian literature of the level of Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, or Chekhov, but without the prose of Stanyukovich permeated with sea winds, Russian literature of the 19th century would lose a significant part of its breadth and versatility. And in our time adults and children are interested in it, according to the stories and stories of the great seascape, films are shot, and today they are invited to the sea of future seafarers.

Similar articles

 

 

 

 

Trending Now

 

 

 

 

Newest

Copyright © 2018 en.birmiss.com. Theme powered by WordPress.