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Crimean War

The Crimean War of 1853-1856 first developed as a Russian-Turkish one. The subject of the struggle was domination in the Middle East.

The Crimean War, whose causes are associated with the growth of the national liberation movement in the Ottoman Empire and the apparent decline of power of the Sultan, instead of asserting the autocracy, significantly undermined the internal and external authority of tsarism.

Nicholas 1 sought to intervene in the affairs of Turkey in order to prevent a bloody revolutionary outburst. In 1850, the government of Napoleon from Abdulmajid (Turkish sultan) demanded that the Catholic clergy in Palestine be given "the keys to the Lord of the Holly." In connection with this, the Orthodox priests in Jerusalem turned to Nicholas 1 for help. The Russian Tsar sent Menshikov (his extraordinary ambassador) to Constantinople in 1853.

Prince Menshikov, in a rather ultimatum form, presented demands to the Turkish side. He demanded from the Turkish sultan to recognize the patronage of Nicholas 1 over the Orthodox subjects in Turkey. Menshikov's demands were rejected by the Sultan, supported by France and Great Britain.

The Russian tsar, having withdrawn the ambassador from Turkey, gives the order to invade his troops in the Danube princedoms. In 1853 on June 21, the Russian regiments, without encountering obstacles on their way, invaded the principalities that belonged nominally to the sultan.

The escalation of the conflict was facilitated by the fact that not a single European power was satisfied with Russia's strengthening at the expense of the Turkish territories. The Russian tsar's incorrect assessment of the situation in the world led to diplomatic isolation of Russia. This determined the outcome of the upcoming military actions.

The military operations began in 1853, on October 23, at the mouth of the Danube. In the late evening of November 28, a 5,000-strong Turkish detachment attacked Batumi and Poti on the post of St. Nicholas. This marked the beginning of military operations on the territory of the Caucasus. Here the position of the Russian troops was complicated. To fight the war prevented the resistance of the mountaineers.

November 18 saw the Sinop battle. The victory of the Russian fleet, commanded by Nakhimov, was brilliant. Russian sailors, without losing a single ship, sent the Turkish squadron to the bottom. Commander Osman Pasha was captured.

The Crimean War continued with the entry into the military actions of France and Britain. In 1853, on December 23, the French and British squadrons, having passed the Bosporus, entered the Black Sea. The Russian government, in turn, reacted by declaring war on France and Britain in 1854, on February 9.

Throughout 1854, the French and British fleets made several strikes in various directions across different ports of Russia.

The Crimean War was fierce enough. Russian troops commanded Menshikov, who considered the landing of the enemy impossible in the Crimea. At the turn of the river Alma, he was defeated, trying to stop the French and the British. He departs to Sevastopol, and then to Bakhchisarai.

The Crimean War continued the siege of Sevastopol. The first bombardment was committed in 1854, on October 5. However, the city responded with fire from the guns. The siege of Sevastopol began to drag out. Reinforcements arrived from Russia. Menshikov decided to hit the rear of the enemy, but was defeated on October 24 in the Inkerman battle.

In 1854, on December 28, a conference of ambassadors of Russia, Austria, France, and Great Britain was held in Vienna. Questions of peace were discussed. However, no agreements were signed in connection with the death of Nicholas 1. Alexander 2 did not dare to accept the conditions put forward.

In early 1855, the Crimean War continued with Sardinia, which entered it. Gorchakov, trying to weaken the onslaught on Sevastopol, attacked the enemy at the river Chernaya. However, he was defeated, which, in the end, predetermined the fall of the city.

August 7 was occupied by Malakhov Kurgan.

In 1855, in December, military operations ceased on all fronts. At the same time, talks on peace resumed. In the last days of February 1856 the Paris Congress was opened. He concluded his work on March 18 with the conclusion of the Paris Peace Treaty.

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