The concept of philosophy as a special science

The concept of philosophy originated in the ancient period and included a theoretical and generalized vision of the world by ancient Greek scientists. In contrast to the religious thinking characteristic of the period of antiquity and the Middle Ages, the rationality of cognition is typical for this science, reliance on practical knowledge and a fairly accurate scientific evaluation. The philosophical world view, which in the ancient period also covered mathematics, astronomy and astrology, concepts from the field of physics and chemistry, was the view of one person or teacher and his followers on the surrounding reality.

Therefore, the concept of philosophy was a set of different fundamental ideas about the world and man, as well as the relationship between society and nature. Such views allow people to be well-oriented in the surrounding reality, to motivate their own actions, to perceive real events and at the same time to be guided by the corner-stone values characteristic of a particular civilization.

Society : The concept of society in philosophy is the most important component of this science, because the life of each person can not be considered in isolation from the society. Ancient scientists in this regard considered "community" as a union and cooperation of people who join the group consciously and on a voluntary basis. Thus, Aristotle called each individual "political animal", forced to interact with the state, where relations are built on the principle of domination and subordination. And Plato was the first philosopher to lay down the tendency for a totalitarian interpretation of any social system in which the role of a single person remains minimal.

Other concepts : The basic concepts of philosophy include the category "picture of the world", the boundaries and possibilities of human cognition, as well as other issues. Even in the ancient period, ancient scholars paid special attention to ontology, which can be regarded as a separate doctrine of being. This concept of philosophy in different schools had its own interpretation, in some doctrines its provisions were based on divine intervention, and other scholars put forward materialistic ideas. The problems of being, the image of existence and the meaning of the existence of the world were discussed by the ancient Greeks, and each of them sought to find an evidence base for his own point of view.

Aristotle dealt with the problem of the appearance of man, sought the manifestation of divine intelligence and the evidence of the intervention of higher forces in the existing reality, he referred the issue of creating the world to metaphysics. The philosophers of modern times also studied the ontological aspect of philosophy , however, the question of the meaning of being was considered already in isolation from the ancient teachings, and representatives of most schools in the XVIII-XIX excluded the possibility of interference of otherworldly forces in events occurring on Earth.

In the XIX century, the concept of philosophy was increasingly focused on anthropology, because this category at that time was not yet a separate science. This aspect was formed by studying the special characteristics of being a person with their needs that need satisfaction. In order to obtain the desired, the individual is forced to develop his own abilities, allowing him to progress confidently towards the intended goal.

And the German scientist R. Lotze, who lived in the XIX century, among the existing reality singles out human tendencies in a separate category. He puts the ratio of moral-religious and material values, scientific knowledge and wealth to the forefront. From these criteria depends the beliefs and behavior of each individual person who is looking for his life goals and himself is leaning towards the spiritual or material world.