The border is what? Meaning of the word

With the development of civilization and the establishment of the institution of the state, the notion of " boundary" came into use . была линия, отделявшая территории разных правителей. It was a line separating the territories of different rulers. Each sovereign protected and defended the areas that belonged to his people. не были определенными и четкими. In ancient times, the borders of countries were not definite and precise. They were often reviewed at the end of hostilities. и транзит по территории государства. The situation changed after the introduction of customs fees for the transport of goods across the border and transit through the territory of the state.

The use of the term in Russian

In the domestic documents in the first half of the XIV century. Beginning to use a new concept - "boundary". This definition was first used in the contractual charter signed by Novgorod with the Livonian Order on January 28, 1323. Meanwhile, the official consolidation of the concept occurred much later - by the end of the 18th - the beginning of the 19th century. At the beginning of the XVIII century. In Russia was formed a certain terminology associated with the organizational structures that provided protection of the border. Among the concepts that began to be used were "guard", "ambush", "guard", "outpost", "customs", "stanitsa". In 1847, the dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian language explained what a boundary is. This word was interpreted as a boundary, the limit separating one territory from another.

Nowadays

государствами представляет собой линию, а также проходящую по ней вертикальную поверхность, определяющую пределы соседствующих территорий и их суверенитета. The border between states is a line, as well as a vertical surface passing along it, defining the limits of neighboring territories and their sovereignty. Science, studying boundaries, is called limology. It is one of the directions of political geography. State borders can be lake, river, sea, air and land. The latter are the lines separating the territories of neighboring states. They are usually determined by the countries themselves in a contractual manner. In accordance with the signed agreements, the boundary is established directly on the terrain. It should be noted that at present there are countries that have neither borders nor customs. One of these states is the Principality of Monaco.

существуют? What are the boundaries ?

Orographic boundary is a line, taking into account natural barriers. They, for example, can be rivers, lakes, mountains, seas and so on. Geometrical boundaries are formed by conducting straight lines, which connect two points. Consider how many borders the state can have. The lake and river boundaries are established in a manner analogous to land - in accordance with the treaty. In terms of navigable flows, the boundary, as a rule, passes along the line of maximum depths or the middle of the main fairway. On non-navigable rivers, as well as along streams, the boundary is established along the center of the stream or its main branch. It should be said that such boundaries are subject to natural changes. When establishing boundaries, this point is sometimes specified separately. States can also draw a border, regardless of any changes. The air boundary is a vertical plane. It passes through the water and land borders. At present, there is no clear definition of the altitude limit. Its value varies from 90 to 110 km.

Maritime boundaries

They are established either by an internal act of the country, or by agreement with an opposing / bordering state. In this case, in both cases, the documents must comply with international legal norms. Territorial waters can have different widths. Currently, it ranges from 3 to 12 nautical miles. The exception is neutral waters. They include, in particular, p. The Danube, the English Channel, Gibraltar, the Magellan, the canals of Panama, Suez, Corinth, Kiel, the historic Hudson Bay and the Varanger Fjord.

Establishment of lines

государства, проводят демаркацию и делимитацию. To determine where the state borders , demarcate and delimitate. The latter is a process of describing the passage of the boundary and drawing the installed line on the map. At delimitation by the parties the key principles of the description and definition of the border are agreed. At the same time, mutual interests are taken into account, respect for territorial integrity, mutual tolerance and mutual understanding is shown. Delimitation must comply with international norms, geographical documents, historical traditions. After the negotiations, the parties conclude an agreement on the border. Compiled maps are attached to it. Usually such agreements are unlimited.

Demarcation

It is carried out after the termination of delimitation - legal registration of boundaries. At the stage of demarcation, the boundary is determined directly on the terrain. In particular, on the ground special signs are installed, and on the water - floats and buoys. Demarcation is carried out by a mixed commission, which includes representatives of neighboring countries. Upon completion of the work, a protocol is signed. It describes the boundary line, with acts and maps for each set sign. These documents are also attached to the main agreement. Periodically, the parties conduct a verification of the line of contact, if necessary, replace the obsolete and destroyed signs. This process is called redemarketing.

Throughput mode

In the domestic legislation of each state there is a normative act regulating the issues of the maintenance of borders, the intersection of their transport and citizens, the resolution of conflicts and so on. Neighboring countries can sign agreements establishing a simplified state border regime. For example, individuals who work permanently or seasonally, study in the contiguous territory, special permits can be issued. Such documents are also made out to those who visit places of burial, meets regularly with relatives, commits religious rites and so on.

The demarcation line

It should be distinguished from the state border. The demarcation lines arise as a result of military conflicts and the subsequent armistice. In the last century, such a line arose, for example, in 1949 in Korea, and also in 1954 in Vietnam. Neither side of the demarcation line is considered a state border. It only divides the parties to the conflict. Along it, demilitarized zones are conducted.

Unusual milestones

The Vatican and San Marino are surrounded by the Italian state border. In the Vatican, the border is a high medieval fortress wall. Its length is 3.2 km. There are several gates in the wall, which always close at night. The border of San Marino is presented in the form of an arch with a mast and the inscription "Welcome to the ancient land of freedom."

Negative moments

Some frontiers are shared not only by states, but also by cities. Such a situation, for example, was in Berlin. In most cases, this division breaks the habitual course of life and economic activity. This is due to the fact that often in cities people had one transport system, a source of water, a common communal economy. When carrying out the boundaries, these objects are also divided, which creates inconvenience for the population.

On the border of Latvia and Estonia is the town of Valka / Valka. This city has been united since its foundation (since 1286). Its population was made up of Latvians and Estonians. In 1920, the city was divided, then in the Soviet period again connected, and then again demarcated in 1991.

At the turn of Estonia and Russia there is also a similar city - Narva. From the Russian Federation it is called Ivangorod. The border runs through the center of the reservoir dam. This creates difficulties in its normal maintenance.

The border of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan also passes along the dam. Between Czechoslovakia and the Federal Republic of Germany there was a line not only through the city of Eisenstein / Zhelezna Ruda, but also through the only station here.

Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, divided Kara-Suu. The border stretched through the bazaar, located on both sides of the canal.

Open borders

Most of the EU states are included in the Schengen zone. Inside it, citizens have complete freedom of movement. The Schengen agreement is presented in the form of two documents. The first is to cancel the visa control at the internal borders, the second - the Convention - determines the procedure for the entry into force of this treaty. These documents were valid in 1995.

Borders of land allotment

Currently, quite a lot of citizens own real estate. Among them, including land plots. For registration of the right to them it is necessary to pass the obligatory procedure of state registration. It is often necessary to establish the boundaries of the site. To do this, you must provide a certain package of documents to the authorized bodies. It includes:

1. The document proving the identity.
2. Papers for non-residential and residential buildings located within the allotment.
3. Two statements. The first is given in the UGRCC, the second is presented to the UFHRP.
4. Copy of the cadastral plan of the area within which the allotment is located.
5. Acts, according to which the boundaries of the site were agreed.
6. Extract from the cadastre passport.

The order of establishing lines

The boundaries of the site are specified by the Office of the Federal Center for Single Registration of Cadastre and Cartography. The subject who submitted the application is put in line for performance of works of a technical nature. In the local administration it is necessary to take a copy of the plan of allotments of the given territory. It is provided to a cadastre engineer. In accordance with the plan, specialists perform marking and make out a map. In addition, topographic survey is conducted. It reveals the features of the location of the site relatively adjacent. In addition, it is necessary to remember the obligation to coordinate the boundaries of the site with all neighbors. The received documents are certified in the municipality. The collected papers are provided to the registration authority. Here the plot will be put on the cadastral register and receive its unique number. In 1 month will be issued on the right to own property.

Litigation

Often, neighbors can not come to a mutual agreement on the boundaries of their allotments. In such cases, the dispute is resolved in court. The interested subject sues with the corresponding requirements. The court has the right to establish the procedure for using the site. In this case, the examination is carried out, the limits of allotments are designated.

Conclusion

The concept of "frontier" is used in various spheres of life. So, lines are established that separate states, regions, cities. Territories within them can have different areas. The boundaries are changed in accordance with the procedure established by law. In particular, acts are adopted at the federal and regional levels.

For example, a map has been developed, according to which new boundaries of Moscow are established for 2017. The city's territory will be significantly expanded, it will include several settlements, road junctions, and other infrastructure facilities.

Borders of countries, as a rule, are not subject to changes. The exception is when one state decides to join another. This procedure should be carried out in accordance with international standards. So, for example, in 2014, the territory of Russia increased in connection with the entry into its composition of the peninsula Crimea. The extension of the borders was carried out in accordance with the results of the referendum held on the peninsula. In general, the geopolitical map has not undergone significant changes since the end of the Great Patriotic War. Almost all countries have agreements on the establishment of borders, as well as rules for the admission regime.