State structure of Ukraine. State structure and political system of Ukraine

Ukraine is a sovereign state. It has its own territory, supreme and local governing bodies, government, coat of arms, flag and hymn. The state structure of Ukraine has an extensive structure with the division of functions of various branches of power and corresponds to the world's legal democratic standards.

The acquisition of sovereignty

In July 1990, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (Ukrainian parliament) adopted the "Declaration on State Sovereignty". This document opened a new page in the history of the country, which leads to the construction of a democratic state based on the rule of law.

According to the Declaration, the interests of the society are authorized to express the Verkhovna Rada. No parties, organizations or individuals (except for the president, and then on a number of issues) had no right to do so. The document consolidates the power of the Constitution on the territory of the state, designates the interaction of the branches of power, approves the borders of the state (Ukraine is currently bordered by seven countries), civil rights and other issues.

From the parliamentary republic to the presidential

The path that Ukraine was taking from the adoption of the Declaration to the adoption of the state Constitution was slow and complicated. This is easily explained by the great changes in political and economic life.

In July 1996, the structure of state power changed. The Verkhovna Rada approved the new Constitution of Ukraine. According to her, Ukraine is now a parliamentary republic with presidential administration. The president is elected every five years. He is the head of state, but he can not perform duties for more than two terms.

Presidents:

• Kravchuk Leonid Makarovich (5.12.1991 - 19.07.1994).
• Kuchma Leonid Danilovich (19.07.1994 - 23.01.2005).
• Yushchenko Viktor Andreevich (23.01.2005 - 25.02.2010).
• Yanukovych Viktor Fedorovich (25.02.2010 - 02.22.2014).
• Poroshenko Pyotr Alekseevich (since 7.06.2014).

Controls

The types of state system in Ukraine correspond to generally accepted democratic standards. The whole body of power is divided into three equivalent branches:

• Legislative;
• Executive;
• Judicial.

The Verkhovna Rada is the supreme Ukrainian legislative body. It is a unicameral parliament, where the speaker presides. The functions of the Verkhovna Rada are law-making and close monitoring of the activities of the government. Elections of deputies of the parliament are held every 4 years. They are carried out by secret ballot. All citizens aged 18 and over have the right to vote.

Executive structures headed by the president are represented by the government under the leadership of the prime minister and the regional authorities. The executive bodies include ministries, law enforcement agencies, the army and other services.

The Constitution of Ukraine is the main law of the country. It guarantees certain rights and freedoms of Ukrainian citizens and determines their duties. The judiciary is endowed with the rights of independent decision-making. In practice, in countries with a transitional period, it is difficult to completely distance themselves from the executive and legislative branches. The supreme body is the Constitutional Court.

Forms of state organization

In the world there are the following types of government:

• Unitary (simple);
• With a complex form of device (federation, confederation).

Unitary - states with the territory divided into administrative equal units (regions, provinces, districts, etc.), subordinated to the center.

The Federation is a complex union state that contains administrative entities (republics, autonomous regions, states, lands, etc.) that legally have a certain independence.

The basis for the formation of a federal state and the consolidation of federal relations can be the Constitution and (or) a federal agreement. On the basis of direct contracts there arose, for example, the federations of Australia, Switzerland, the USA, the USSR, Malaysia, Russia and other states. They are usually called contractual, unlike non-contractual ones, such as Canada, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, which arose on the basis of the granting of autonomy to future subjects of the federation by the central authorities of the state or metropolises.

Confederation - the union is temporary: it either disintegrates, or turns into a federal state. For example, Switzerland now exists as a federal state, while retaining the name "confederation". Confederations arose for various reasons and in different epochs also in the USA, Germany, the Netherlands.

In Ukraine, all types of government were considered (and considered), the most optimal for effective administration. At the moment, there is a unitary system.

Ukrainian parliamentarism

Separate fragments of the Ukrainian parliament throughout its history were the folk coven of Kievan Rus, the Sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian state, the Cossacks were glad of the times of the Hetmanate, later - the highest legislative bodies of the Austro-Hungarian, then the Russian empires, the Ukrainian SSR within the Soviet Union.

The creation of Ukraine as a state is impossible without the formation of a legitimate, delegated body of government, which in most countries is the parliament. The beginning of the practice of parliamentarism in modern history was the creation and activity during March 1917-April 1918 of the Ukrainian Central Rada - a kind of national proto-parliament, which has evolved from a socio-political association to a "representative" body of the Ukrainian people.

The appearance of the Rada and its activities became a natural step in the consolidation of the Ukrainian people on the road to national and state independence in the twentieth century. It is this historical tradition of the Ukrainian Central Rada that the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine continues to play in modern conditions.

Along with the parliament, the interests of the majority are represented by the president of Ukraine.

Ministry of

The state structure of Ukraine in the administrative plan has a clear structure. At the head of the administration is an elected president, authorized by the majority of those who voted to rule the country.

Steps below are the ministries responsible for the most important areas of the society: economy, defense, health, culture, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, regional development, agrarian policy, ecology, energy, foreign affairs, information, youth and sports, infrastructure, education and science, Finance, social policy, the Cabinet of Ministers.

The structure of the ministry is approved by the minister, and the individual central bodies are their heads. The composition of the executive central bodies is approved by agreement with the Prime Minister of Ukraine, First Deputy Prime Minister, Vice Prime Ministers in accordance with the distribution of their functional powers.

The head of the government is the prime minister, whose candidature is proposed by the president, but the deputies of the Rada definitely confirm. Unlike a number of countries (Germany, Japan, Great Britain, Italy and others), the Prime Minister of Ukraine does not have full decision-making. He obeys the president.

List of prime ministers and acting:

• Witold Fokine (1990-1992);
• Valentin Simonenko (1992);
• Leonid Kuchma (1992-1993);
• Efim Zvyagilsky (1993-1994);
• Vitaliy Masol (1994-1995);
• Evgeny Marchuk (1995-1996);
• Pavel Lazarenko (1996-1997);
• Vasily Durdinets (1997);
• Valery Pustovoitenko (1997-1999);
• Victor Yushchenko (1999-2001);
• Anatoly Kinakh (2001-2002);
• Viktor Yanukovich (2004-2005, 2006-2007);
• Mykola Azarov (2005, 2010-2014);
• Yulia Tymoshenko (2005, 2007-2010);
• Yuriy Yekhanurov (2005-2006);
• Sergei Arbuzov (2014);
• Arseniy Yatsenyuk (since 2014).

Administrative division

Features of the state structure of Ukraine are reflected in its administrative division. It is natural for a young country to "grope" for the most optimal form of interaction between the population of different regions. The situation around the Crimea and the Donbass only confirms that it takes time, and possibly certain reforms, to build a monolithic administrative system that takes into account the interests of all sectors of society.

The republic is divided into regions whose borders have hardly changed since the times of the USSR - there are a total of 24. The regions are, in turn, subdivided into 490 districts. 176 large cities have a special status - regional (republican) subordination and, as areas, are territorial objects of the second level. At the third stage - closest to the people - there are local councils: urban, village and rural. Kiev is a metropolitan region.

Characteristics of the state

The state structure of Ukraine includes a constitutional form of government, an administrative-territorial structure and a political regime. The last point is a system of means and ways of exercising state power, is characterized by the level of guarantee of civil rights.

Article 1 of the Constitution positions Ukraine as a democratic state. The document consolidates the principles of the people's will, separation of powers, political, economic and ideological diversity, responsibility to the person and the like.

Democracy

Unitary state Ukraine adheres to the principles of democracy, which is carried out directly, through state bodies and local bodies that have the powers of self-government. The Constitutional Court of 26 March 2002 approved that "local self-government should be viewed as a form of exercising power by the people".

The manifestation of direct democracy is elections, all-Ukrainian and local referendums, people's initiatives, public discussions and the like. In the event that the people exercise power through the state, bodies of people's representation are formed.

In the state apparatus, organs of the primary and secondary representation of the people should be distinguished. State bodies of primary representation are formed through their elections, with the help of which authority is delegated to the state directly by the people. In the country they are the Verkhovna Rada (Verkhovna Rada) and the President of Ukraine.

State bodies that are formed by the BP and the president are organs of secondary, indirect representation. The dignity of direct democracy is the breadth of involving the population in the decision of state affairs. Advantages of the functioning of representative bodies is that they are permanent, operate on a professional basis.

Sovereignty of the State

The unitary state of Ukraine is sovereign and independent. Sovereignty refers to the primacy of state elective power within the country and de facto independence from external forces (countries, movements, organizations, etc.).

Sovereignty is divided into internal and external. In modern conditions, the former is regulated by the norms of the constitution, and the second relates to the nature of relations between different countries, taking into account the norms of international law. Sovereignty is not a property of the whole state, but of state power. It is above party, religious, financial - no one can dictate to it their will. Inside the country, sovereignty is limited only to basic human rights.

The creation of Ukraine as a state was impossible without the provision of external sovereignty. It denotes those boundaries within which interstate integration processes typical for today's conditions should take place.

The basis of the state independence of Ukraine is the so-called people's sovereignty. It is the people, mainly through free elections, that legitimize state power. Since the source of it is the population, then it should belong to the government. People's sovereignty is exercised through an elected representative body and directly by local residents through elections, nationwide discussions, a referendum. So, in a democracy, state sovereignty actually coincides with the people's sovereignty.

Compliance with the rule of law

In order for the legal state of Ukraine to remain so, the authorities must guarantee the observance of legal norms at all levels: from higher state bodies to every citizen. The legal order is a legal state of orderliness, organization, and regulation of social relations. In this capacity he:

• Acts as a powerful antipode of anarchy, chaos, lack of organization, uncertainty and instability of relations between people;
• Legal means restrains possible illegal manifestations on the part of the state, its bodies against citizens, and also one person in relation to another.

With the weakening of power, the growth of protest sentiments in 2013-2014, the state structure of Ukraine was threatened. The rule of law is the legal model that determines the status of subjects of social relations, their nature, the relationship between physical and legal persons, as well as methods, methods, and procedures for resolving conflicts.

On the territorial principle (the sphere of distribution) or on the scale it is possible to single out the law and order within:

• State (country) as a whole;
• Intra-state entities (subjects of the federation, autonomous state entities);
• Administrative-territorial units - cities, districts, regions, etc.

Depending on the impact of the law, its structural parts on the process of forming the rule of law, it is possible to single out a general, sectoral, special or institutional order. The common arises and functions as a result of the realization of the entire system of law. In terms of volume, this class actually coincides with the law and order on a territorial basis. Branch is drawn up on the basis of the norms of a certain branch of law (constitutional, financial, civil procedure, etc.). Special (institutional) arises from the implementation of individual institutions of law.

Courts

The judiciary is the third system of the state structure of Ukraine. It is implemented through special state bodies - courts. The country has a three-tier system, on top of which stands the Constitutional Court. In his charge - the resolution of global issues affecting the basis of all power - the Constitution.

Practical issues (social, economic) are allocated to the general and arbitration courts, respectively. Thus, the form of the state structure of Ukraine acquires a balanced structure, balanced by the Rada (legislative body), the president (representative of the executive system) and the Constitutional Court (as the highest form of the judicial system).

MIA

The legal order is the actual legal state of orderliness, settlement, organization of public relations, a consequence of the actual implementation of the norms of law, their implementation. The concept of the state system is inseparable from the notion of "strong" legal power. To support and implement it, the Ministry of Internal Affairs was established in Ukraine.

Initially, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine was divided into specialized services:

• Public militia.
• The criminal militia.
• GAI.
• The State Security Service.
• Various special forces.

Reforms

The reform of 2014 significantly changed the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. First of all, instead of the police approved by the order of the President of August 4, 2015, the National Police. It is planned to exclude transport, veterinary police and GUBOP from the structure. Since 2016, traffic police functions will "transfer" to the created electronic system, designed to replace the "live" employees of the traffic police. 16.09.2015 the territorial subdivisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs were abolished. Reforming will end in 2017. Of course, the state-political system will not change from this, however, the transition period can affect the criminal situation.

It is planned that the finally new structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs will take the following form:

• The criminal police.
• Special police.
• Security police.
• Cyberpolicy.
• The patrol police.
• Bodies of pre-trial investigation.
• Special police.
• Department of drug trafficking.
• The Economic Police.

Growth problems

There are different types of government. In Ukraine, a unitary form of interaction between administrative subjects was chosen. The situation around the Crimea and the Donbas, the talk of giving the regions greater powers, right up to federalization, pose to legislators, political scientists and society questions that have no simple answers.

The process of creating a new democratic state is complicated. But in a short period a new system of state administration, the national Armed Forces, the security service, the police were created.