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Fundamentals of forensic diagnosis. Concept, meaning

Forensics is a fairly extensive area, which includes investigative tools, methods of collecting evidence, as well as special techniques for effective study of objects. Practical ways of implementing the methods of this science mainly refer to diagnostic tools. Thanks to the established system of multilateral research, experts increase the chances of disclosing crimes and bringing cases to court. Regardless of the tasks to be accomplished, forensic identification and diagnosis is based on legal principles, and is also of decisive importance in the work of the investigative bodies.

Basic concept of forensic diagnosis

The essence of diagnostics, the methods of which are used in criminalistics, can be attributed to a general group of methods of cognition. Experts identify, detect and determine the characteristics of objects, which in the future allow you to establish the status and quality of the items. The main thing that characterizes the criminalistic approach to the use of diagnostic tools is the connection between subjects of study and crime. Accordingly, there are many specific characteristics in the practice of using these cognitive tools. At the same time, the basics of forensic diagnostics are based on the concept of reflection. The theory of this area of jurisprudence is also based on the laws of knowledge, which are realized due to modern methods of mathematical analysis, and not only. As a result, experts receive the actual data that are required to support the thought process in the process of proof.

Diagnostic Objects

By and large, everything that gives experts the opportunity to expand their ideas about a committed crime can become the object of diagnosis. But here it is important to understand that the knowledge obtained can also be developed in the course of the forensic work of the criminalist, who makes comparisons, reveals signs, compares options, etc. Strictly speaking, the subject of forensic diagnostics is actual data that can relate to the object of investigation. It is another matter that the methods of obtaining these data differ.

And here it is necessary to go to the objects of diagnosis, the characteristics of which to a large extent determine the choice of means of study. In the understanding of the layman, the criminalist usually deals with people and objects, which later appear as evidence. In practice, the objects of forensic diagnostics can be presented more widely. For example, time and place - this information is fully capable of acting as an independent factor of the investigation, providing objective information about the circumstances of the crime.

Forensic research

There are several types of this kind of research. Among them, it is worth noting the direct study of the object, the compilation of ideas about it on the basis of signs and properties, as well as a general analysis of the interrelationships between the subjects of research. As for direct study, it is considered to be the main one - at this stage the actual data are being determined. For example, was the car engine started at the time of the crime. The use of forensic diagnostics for research on the basis of attributes and properties is called the study of mapping. This means that the main factor for the analysis is the state of the object. The third method of research is a combined model that allows you to study the situation from different angles. At this stage, specialists should have information about the state of the facilities, which will allow establishing the necessary interrelations between them, as well as their role in the context of the crime.

Diagnostic tasks

In criminology, the objectives that must be achieved in the process of researching objects, as well as their connections, are defined quite clearly. The main conclusions about the results of the study are made in the course of the further work of the investigators, but forensic diagnostics, the tasks of which are presented below, makes a decisive contribution to the crime detection case:

  • Setting the situation of the event under investigation, in terms of spatial structure.
  • Determination of the mechanism for the implementation of individual stages of a criminal event.
  • Setting the scene of crime in terms of material material structure.
  • Determining the time parameters of the incident under investigation.
  • Study of cause-effect relationships, as well as making forecasts about their actions.
  • Identification of characteristics and properties of objects.
  • Drawing up a general idea of the mechanism for the commission of a crime.

Stages of forensic diagnosis

From a practical point of view, diagnostics should give specialists the necessary material for solving the above-described problems. For this purpose, an analysis of investigative events is used by examining the properties and characteristics of objects, as well as the changes that occurred in them after the crime. Actually, on this basis, the mechanisms for the commission of a crime or its individual stages are determined. To achieve this result, the forensic expert must perform several stages of the diagnostic process. First of all, the goal that is possible to achieve, as well as the subjects of study, is determined. Further, a preliminary investigation of the objects is carried out, after which the experts begin to identify the diagnostic features. At the final stage, a comparison is made by analogy and an estimate is given. The obtained results can be corrected in this case, which allows us to more accurately formulate the conclusion.

Forensic identification

Identification in the understanding of criminalists can have several meanings. For example, it can be considered as the goal or result of the study, and also how the research process itself. Perhaps the most complete identification in forensics reveals a theoretical concept, which is based on the principles and methods of identifying objects. This method is the main way of investigating the truth of the case. Among the functions of the methodology, the definition of similarity and difference, the uniqueness of features, expressive properties and attributes of objects are distinguished. It should be noted that forensic identification and diagnosis are largely interrelated. However, identification is still considered one of the basic methodological methods used in the diagnosis. In the process of constructing the theory of identification, logical formal and dialectical approaches are widely used. The essence of identification in this case is reduced to the comparison of the object with its mappings.

Non-identification examinations

The forerunner of currently used methods of forensic identification was non-identification expertise. Some of its methods are actively used today in various areas of forensic diagnostics, including handwriting research and ballistic analyzes. To understand the essence of non-identification methods, it is worth considering the doctrine of ties. Experts work with several forms of relationships that help to detect reflections in the research process. For example, you can distinguish three-dimensional, genetic and functional connections. In the first case, a bundle exists between the objects that make up the species, class, genus, etc. The genetic link explains the common features between the effect and the cause, and also between the conditioning and the condition. It allows you to reflect the dependence of the phenomenon and the upcoming result. The functional linkage comes from the genetic and determines its quantitative parameters - with the help of this approach to research it is possible to determine the spatial, temporal and other types of communication.

Modern identification process

Traditional identification involves the fulfillment of several tasks, among which the definition of belonging to groups, comparison with material objects, the setting of the whole in separate parts, identification by metaphysical characteristics, and others. In a complex such research gives the opportunity to understand more deeply not only the essence and state of the object, but also the nature of its interaction with external phenomena. To achieve this result, the forensic expert performs an identification process consisting of several stages. Work begins with the formulation of the problem, followed by the search and detection of homogeneous objects. Then the stage of separate research of identified objects is realized, on the basis of what their further comparison and conclusion is made.

The role of diagnostics in the work of the investigation

The usefulness of the work of forensic experts in the direction of diagnostic studies is evidenced by the factual basis, which investigators follow in the future. In other words, the high value of forensic diagnosis is due to its ability to determine the truth about events of a criminal nature. In this respect, an important role is played by identification as a way of deep and comprehensive study of objects, as well as their connections.

Conclusion

Despite technological progress and improved means of protection and security, the fight against criminals remains topical. Accordingly, the methods of forensic diagnostics are developing, from the point of view of the theoretical basis. The emergence of new research methods and approaches to the analysis of objects undoubtedly enhances the effectiveness of investigators. In particular, for the last years such kinds of examinations as phonoscopic, video and explosion engineering have taken shape. Thanks to this expansion of the sphere of criminalistic activity, the chances of drawing up a more complete picture of a considerable part of modern crimes have significantly increased.

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