Particles: examples, functions, basic meanings, spelling

Among the service parts of speech, it is necessary to isolate particles. Examples of them in the Russian language are quite numerous. The difficulty is that they can perform several functions, and the particles often become independent parts of speech. We will analyze how these particles are represented in the Russian language, examples will help in this.

The concept of

What is a particle? This is a special service part of speech, which is designed to convey additional semantic or emotional shades to the whole sentence as a whole, and a specific word. They also have one more important function: they participate in the formation of word forms.

Let us examine two sentences in which particles are used. The examples are as follows:

• Only she can help me accomplish this hard work.
• Let them finish this task as soon as possible and move on to the next one.

If in the first sentence the particle only strengthens the pronoun, it gives the word the meaning of excretion, then in the second particle it performs an entirely different function - participates in the formation of an imperative mood: let them finish, let them pass.

Syntactic role

As well as other official words (prepositions and conjunctions), the particles do not carry a syntactic load, to distinguish them as a member of the sentence erroneously. The only exception is their form-building role. In this case, the particle is indicated with the member of the sentence to which it adjoins.

• Did not we meet you on the bus yesterday? (The supplement does not include you, the particle does not. )
• Let the lights shine brighter. (The predicate in the imperative mood let it sparkle includes a particle let it .)

Compare with the proposals, where there are no form-forming particles. Examples:

• Do you have to be on duty today in class? (The interrogative particle does not carry a syntactic load.)
• How beautiful the sea is at dawn! (The exclamation particle is not a member of the sentence.)

Main functions

We will understand, in the formation of what forms this part of speech (a particle) is used. Examples will help in this.

1. The imperative mood of the verb. These are particles: let (let), give, yes . ( Let's get down to your duties, let the triumph begin! )
2. Conditional mood of the verb. Here the particle would be used (b) . (If only to return everything back.) Would you come to me, would you have managed much faster.)
3. In order to form a degree of comparison of the name of the adjective or adverb, particles are also used. Examples: higher, less deep, most beautiful; More interesting, less widely.
4. A number of linguists distinguish some particles in the Russian language (examples are given in this paragraph) as participating in the formation of indefinite pronouns: either, some, some, some, some, some, some, some . However, classical science still distinguishes them as suffixes and prefixes (something).

Transmitted values

Modal particles are much more diverse. Examples will help to prove that with the help of these service words you can convey various emotional and semantic nuances.

There are several groups of such particles:

1. Interrogative. Does it really, does (l ) point to the question. ( Is it really so hard to do a simple assignment? Did I say that I'll come after dinner? Did you stand behind that tree?)
2. Exclamation. Like what they say about admiration or indignation. ( It's wonderful to come home after a day's work! What a beautiful morning! What a disobedient child! How can you make such a terrible soup!)
3. Indicative. Here, they are used when it is necessary to draw the listener's attention to a particular subject. ( This is the house, he is more than a thousand years old. ) Look, look, the wedge of the cranes.)
4. Amplifying: even, after all, after all, the same, then . They are used to emotionally strengthen a specific word. ( Even a small child knows that you need to wash your hands after the street, because I warned that you can make a mistake here , after all you are an irreparable romantic.) Anya has gone to the forest through the thicket, I do not know how hard it is to learn and work! )
5. Specifying: exactly, exactly, just - used to indicate specific objects and phenomena. (It was exactly the dress that was still hung on the window yesterday, which is exactly what I'm trying to convey to you.) Paul must know this.)
6. Transferring doubt: hardly, hardly . (There is hardly anyone who can help us.) Hardly can he cope with such a difficult test.)
7. Negative particles: not, neither . Examples of their use will be discussed in more detail below. Here we only say that they convey the negation in different ways.

Denial with and not

The most negative part is caused by negative particles. The difficulty lies in the fact that they are used in different speech situations. So, the particle is not used when it is necessary to convey the negations of the sentence as a whole. ( Do not talk to me in that tone! I can not not go to this meeting . )

Another thing is a particle neither . It is designed to strengthen the already existing negation. In other words, it is always used in conjunction with not , giving it additional meaning. By the way, instead of a particle there can not be an equal word no. (I'm not going to the store or visiting - I want to stay at home.) The word is not , which is a predicate, can be dropped, it can easily be restored from the context. (There is not a soul in the house.): There is not a soul in the house.)

A particle can neither receive an amplifying value. (Wherever I look - everywhere rejoice at the first sun.) In such cases, the service word is used in subordinate clauses along with relative pronouns, for example, who, what, where, where.

Spelling is not and neither

When to write not , and when not ? The answer is simple: try to "throw out" the controversial particle from the sentence. If the meaning does not change - you need to use either , otherwise - not. ( Whichever book I read, I meet heroes everywhere, similar to my family.) If you remove a particle, the meaning of the sentence remains the same, it will not suffer grammatically.

(Who did not prepare for the exams, passed them very badly.) If you remove the particle, the meaning of the proposal will change to the opposite. It is necessary to use not .

Also it should be remembered that in exclamation sentences, together with a particle, only not always is written . (Where he just did not look for the loss - everything is useless!)