Origin and history of athletics. History of track and field athletics in Russia

Sport at all times attracted a huge number of people who tried to outperform their competitors and prove that their body's capabilities are much higher than opponents. A high desire for competition led to the beginning of the Olympic Games, which include the most popular sports. Then, depending on the power loads of various competitions, the creation of categories began, which gave rise to heavy and light athletics.

Some moments in the history of the Olympic Games are made up of legends, of course, it will be so, because the birth of sport took place more than 2 thousand years ago, when people perceived everything differently, which, of course, influenced the history of athletics.

History of Athletics

Competitions were held everywhere and throughout the entire existence of mankind, but in ancient times people were interested only in the education of soldiers who could win victories in battles with minimal losses. Military interest in the education of physically developed men gradually began to degenerate into sports games, the main contests in which were endurance and strength. From that moment the beginning of athletics began.

The first winner of sports athletics competitions (according to confirmed data) is a cook from the city of Elida named Koreba, who in 776 BC ran the distance in the first stage (about 192 meters).

Track and field athletics in ancient Greece had differences from modern competitions, for example, now the disc for throwing weighs 2 kilograms for men and 1 kilogram for women, but in ancient times the disks were different in almost all respects:

1. Various materials (wood, metal and bronze) were used.
2. Their appearance also changed (for uncertain reasons).
3. The most important difference is weight, which ranged from 1.25 kilograms to 6.63.

One of the most popular competitions among fans was javelin throwing, which is most likely connected with the military direction of the sport, and the remaining competitions were collected by fewer fans, but were part of the Olympic Games because of testing the body's capabilities and the spirit of the person.

Contemporary Athletics

The ancient Olympic games were very different from what we see now, at the expense of people's influence, their faith and attitudes towards competitions.

The history of athletics in its modern form began in 1837. Modern competitions in "light" sports became after the first race in England to run for 2 kilometers. The championship was held among the students of the college of the city of Rugby, and only after that began popularization in other institutions and cities: Oxford, London, Cambridge and others. Then other games begin to add to the games: in 1851 - jumps in height and length from the take-off, in 1864 - throwing the nucleus and hammer, running with obstacles and other physical competitions.

In 1865, the first in the world athletic club was formed in London, which achieved the holding of the national championship in various sports. After 3 years, New York picks up the idea of British athletes and organizes its own association, which begins to popularize the competition on the mainland of the New World.

The rest of the European countries realized a little later that the sport attracted a huge number of people, and began to hold competitions since 1880, and by the 90th year of the same century, the whole of Europe was already in the "power" of the sport.

Competitions in track and field athletics, after the beginning of popularization, were conducted exclusively within each country, and only in 1896 in Athens had the real Olympics, which consisted of 12 different competitions and included several countries.

American athletes athletics were prepared at the highest level in almost all types of competitions and received most of the medals, from that moment they come prepared and lead in these kinds of competitions.

America showed an excellent result at the first Olympics and after that holds the leading positions in the number of winners, but not in such numbers, as other countries realized the importance of this event and prepare future champions according to their own programs.

The history of the appearance of track and field athletics stores many champions, but most of all remember the first winners: R. Urey (champion 2 and 3 Olympics on jumping), Orter, Mathias, Thorpe and Owens (triple jump champions), Korzhenevsky (four-time winner in Sports walking) and the rest of the winners who will always be the first, since the birth of modern games began with them.

Achievements athletes athletics

Initially, the organizers, athletes and fans were just happy and memorized achievements, but a little later the boom began not only to win, but also to achieve better results in the history of games.

Throughout the time of the games, new records of athletics are constantly being set, but the difference between them is that the main mass is the minor indicators that were overcome immediately; Others were beaten after tens of years; But there are those that still can not be surpassed by any athlete.

The first world record, which remained the best for 20 years - is the jump of an American athlete in length (8 meters 90 centimeters), but the most remarkable is that the previous achievement was half a meter less.

The history of the running marathon has a more serious achievement, which is beyond the ability to surpass to this day - this is a 100 and 200 meter race. The record holder in this discipline was the American runner Griffith-Joyner, who immediately beat two results: she ran 100 meters in 10.49 seconds and 200 meters in just 21.34 seconds.

In the Olympic Games today there is no heavy competition, the list consists of almost only light contests. The main fight, which has a large number of wins and records and which is rich in athletics is a marathon. This popularity is associated with athletes from Nigeria, constantly changing the Book of Records and attracting a huge number of fans.

Women in Athletics

Since the beginning of the formation of modern athletics all competitions were focused only on men, and women were not allowed to participate in the competition, but after a century of modern marathons everything changed and "beautiful" athletics appeared. "Queen of Sports" initially had few participants, but over time, a huge number of women came to the sport.

The first competitions involving female representatives occurred in 1928, but only by the year 96 the number of athletics competitions with women came to the line of 20 species.

Fully win the trust of the organizers was possible only at the games in 1999, when the athletes in Sydney hammer throw and pole vault.

The history of athletics in Russia

The Russian Empire was not in a hurry to take part in the Olympics, and already the USSR in 1952 brought the athletes to the games and firmly established itself on a par with America. The competition between the USSR and the United States was born a long time ago and was strengthened by competitions in which our athletes still create huge competition to all countries of the world.

The fact that Russia ignored the world's love of sport does not mean a complete lack of competition. In our country, the history of athletics development began with the first fans, who in 1888 organized a circle in St. Petersburg. A year later, the sports community had a name: "Society of amateurs running".

Petersburg Circle quickly recruited athletes and spectators, and just a year later they changed the name and continued their work already as a sports center of the Russian Empire. After the organization of the community, it took only five years, after which the circle grew so that the addition of other sports began, and in 1895 the history of athletics in Russia records as the year of the first large-scale games, where 10,000 fans came.

Russia was not in a hurry to enter the world competitions in track and field athletics, but its exit meant a crash for the athletes of all countries of the world, as the tables of victories prove, where the USSR is in practically all games at the first line, but today our athletes do not show the results that could Reach in the USSR.

Control of doping in athletics

The history of athletics knows a huge number of disqualifications due to doping, and the situation with this has not yet been resolved, because the athletes want to be the best, and some of them try to prove superiority through antibiotics.

For the control of athletes (in addition to medical examination), the IAAF organization was created, which allows to check the history of the athlete for all medical examinations that are not related to the Olympics.

You can cite a huge number of examples of "doping for doping", which are rich in athletics: high jump (2012 - disqualification of the applicant for a gold medal), athletic walking (2014 - disqualification of 4 athletes from Russia), running (2014 - disqualification athletes) , As well as many other examples of violations of the rules.

"IAAF" developed a card system based on the mark of any medical examinations outside the competition, but the athlete could participate without this card, but in that case he did not receive cash bonuses and met the standards only for interest.

And although when applying for a card the athlete confirms that he will follow the rules and, in case of victories, will support the IAAF organization in their control work, there are still athletes who neglect this and take dope, dropping out of the competition.

Birth of a marathon

The history of track and field athletics began with running, and today the most popular track and field athletics is the marathon race, which originated in the creation of the Olympic Games by a pretty beautiful legend.

Legend of the marathon: "Near the small town of Marathon, the Greek troops completely defeated the Persian enemies and sent a messenger to inform Athens about 40 kilometers without stopping, and on arrival he only cried out that they had won, and then died immediately."

This legend is confirmed by the distance that the athletes of the marathon of the ancient olympiads ran - 40 kilometers, and the same distance was from Athens to the city of Marathon, but scientists doubt that the Greeks could measure this distance so accurately, but the Egyptians somehow built the ideal The pyramids.

Running long distances (marathon) is not limited to 40 kilometers, but is the minimum distance for women who can participate in ultramarathons and ultramarathons, which includes track and field athletics (the "queen of sports"). The participant on ultramarathons should run as far as possible for the allotted time. In this sport there are only time frames in the form of 2, 12 hours, days, 2 days and 6 days, for which athletes can run from 50 to 1500 kilometers.

The essence of marathons at great distances is not to run the fastest of all, but to move away from the launch site at the greatest possible distance for the allotted time. This kind of track and field is difficult to attribute to light, because athletes run not just 2 hours, they run huge distances without rest for a day or even a few days, completely exhausting themselves and leading the body to a dangerous state.

Determination of winners by all-round events

Sports from the very beginning have many different types and are grouped by category. The history of athletics remembers many different groups that were originally formed for greater entertainment and variety, but after a while the set of competitions in all-around was focused on the selection of the most versatile athletes. The Greeks appreciated the winners and opened all doors and any posts in the government of the country for them.

In the competitions of the Olympics there are pentathlon, decathlon and heptathlon, and for victory you need to score more points than competitors, and to surpass rivals in several disciplines. However, there are controversial situations when it is not known exactly who became the first, but it also provides athletics. Photo is the only evidence of the victory of the athlete with minor breaks from the opponent, but today it is possible to see the photo finish, but as before solved this issue - is still unknown.

In connection with the tense situation of almost complete achievement of human capabilities (see Note) and high competitiveness, athletes come within a few fractions of a second from each other, so photofinish is actively used in all sports.

Note. According to some scientists, in 40 years, mankind will reach maximum body capabilities and will not be able to set new world records in physical capabilities competitions.

Guinness World Records Book for Athletics

Sport is closely connected with the records, which are filled with the history of athletics development, and without them there would be no growth in popularity and the constant transformation of sports.

The Guinness Book of Records was invented just 59 years ago for the entertainment of the bar guests from the Guinness Company and other beer lovers, and the first versions were printed not only for informing and solving the disputed situation of fans in sports bars, but also for entertainment, so it got ridiculous Records.

The brewery that ordered the book did not even think about such popularity, but in the first couple of months, sales reached 5,000, and by the beginning of 56 years of the 20th century, 5 million records were already sold.

Note. The record book not only describes the achievements of people, but also shows a photo of their records, but if the publishers thought about the orderly writing of records, then it would reflect the history of track and field athletics. A brief summary of all the events would allow people to track the popularity of sports, but today this data is not so popular, because the Internet shows all the achievements in almost real time.

Apparently, due to the fact that Russia rather late (in 1955) began to enter the world level in sports competitions and did not show much interest (although it showed excellent results), the Book of Records was translated into Russian only in 1989.

Then popularity began to grow higher and higher, due to the lack of means of constant and reliable information at that time, and the book is a collection of all the sports achievements in one place. In the end, to get on the list of record-breakers, you just had to break a record or do something incredible, which in normal conditions nobody does and, in general, not everyone will decide on this.

Simply put, the history of the Guinness Book of Records is not just related to athletics, it began to develop at the expense of those sports that were most popular among people, and only after that began taking the rest, in some cases insane, records of people and their capabilities.

Athletics in the 21st century

The Olympic Games today are a great event for all countries of the world, many of whom are trying to gain the trust of the organizers and to hold these significant days in the stadiums of their cities. However, many do not understand the dangers of competition from an economic point of view, and an example of this is the creators of athletics - the Greeks. The Olympics in Greece led the country to a crisis that knocked out all the money from the Greeks, put the country in a very bad state, from which it came out for several years and is still recovering from the economic costs.

Athletics and any other kind of sport come to the fact that today it is difficult to beat the records of rivals, and the majority of winners can not repeat their achievements. This indicates the difficulties that athletics has come up with. Jumping, running, throwing objects and other sports are oversaturated with records, humanity is on the move, progress is so fast that ordinary people do not have time to check technology on themselves, and scientists do something new. All events only confirm the hypothesis that soon there will be no records that can be beaten, and a person will come to the peak of his physical abilities.

For example, that people are in the limit of opportunities, can serve as a method of identifying winners, which is actively used track and field athletics. The photo is the only possible way to determine the winner, because today there is a serious competition and there are no sportsmen who exceed opponents by 2, 3 and even more 5 seconds, and the fight goes for tenths, and sometimes for hundredths of a second.