Monolithic reinforced concrete. Formwork, building technology

The production of concrete today was mastered not only by professionals, but also by private developers, this made monolithic house building technology affordable. Such buildings are more durable than all other types of buildings. Previously, for this technology, industrial facilities and multi-storey buildings were built. Today, this technique is known to private artists who use it to build their own houses and cottages. Using monolithic technology, you can realize incredible and bold design intentions.

Future homeowners are increasingly thinking about building monolithic houses, because such buildings are surprisingly strong. They are able to undergo even a small earthquake. And the work does not involve much labor in the process of construction. Costly materials do not need to be used, and during operation the house is distinguished by its durability and reliability. You can decorate such buildings with any facing material, walls can be erected immediately with additional heat insulation.

Features of removable formwork

Monolithic reinforced concrete can be poured into a removable or non-removable formwork. The first variety is more common and famous. After the initial setting of the mortar, the masters will need to dismantle the material, leaving the structure to dry completely.

If a reusable formwork is used, it will be possible to form various forms for pouring concrete. You can build a foundation, form a skeleton of multi-storey buildings, equip monolithic walls and stairwells, as well as create interior and exterior decor elements. The walls of monolithic reinforced concrete are poured into a demountable formwork, for which:

• Wooden massif;
• Steel sheets;
• Combined variations;
• Aluminum molds;
• Sheets of plywood.

A polyvinylchloride coating is quite common, which facilitates the dismantling of multi-turn formwork. Metal versions are used for the construction of complex structures and in those cases when the technology of massive construction is used. To create the foundation of the foundation is best to use plywood, beams or wooden boards. To facilitate the installation process, you can use the method of using metal frames in which wooden boards are installed. Plywood for removable formwork can only be used to create a small concrete structure or a thin partition.

Rules for the erection of removable formwork

If you want to pour monolithic reinforced concrete, then you can use a removable formwork solution, however, certain requirements are imposed on it. The frame must be firmly anchored in its place and have the qualities of rigidity. Individual elements of the general design should be precisely adjusted to each other. In this case, the clearances should be minimal.

In terms of height, the formwork must withstand a considerable pressure, which will be provided by the solution after pouring. It is desirable that the detachable formwork had poor adhesion to concrete. If it is applied several times, then the structural elements must not be deformed from the impact of the load.

Preparation of wooden elements

If you want to pour monolithic reinforced concrete yourself, then you should choose wooden boards, the thickness of which can vary from 25 to 50 mm. On the width of such elements can be very different, this parameter does not play a special role. However, as the width increases, the probability of cracks increases. It is better to choose boards, the width of which varies from 200 to 300 mm. The boards should be assembled in shields, the height of which should correspond to the future level of pouring concrete. To do this, apply the beams, to which the boards are strengthened.

On the outer side should be placed bars, while nails are driven into the boards in such a way that the hats are inside the formwork. It should be as tight as possible to adjust the boards between the ends. If gaps with a width of 1 to 5 mm were formed, then they are closed with a patch. If there are slots of a more impressive size, they should be slashed with racks.

For reference

Monolithic reinforced concrete will not get the required strength, if there are cracks in the formwork, because through them will leak the cement milk from the solution. In addition to the shields, you should prepare the bars, the length of which should be more than the height of the formwork by 1/3. For the formation of spacers, boards and wire are used to connect the walls by installing internal jumpers.

Formwork device

Below, an example of the formation of a formwork for a strip foundation will be considered . These principles will allow you to build fences for most other purposes. First, a surface is prepared, a trench is dug out for the foundation, a sand cushion is laid on the bottom. The layer of this preparation should be 150 mm. The resulting base is compacted and abundantly wetted with water. To simplify the process of determining the correct location of the walls of the formwork, its foundation should be made as strong as possible. To do this, it is covered with a cement-sand mortar or poured a thin layer of concrete. Horizontality should be verified with the help of a water building level.

Formwork for stairs and floors

If a formwork device is made for the ladder, then at the installation site, a foundation must be formed, which is connected to the main building base. When creating the formwork of floors, it is necessary to create a base of shields, which are supported by telescopic racks. The area of the base is fixed not by beams, but by double beams and wooden beams.

Method of work on the creation of formwork

Once you have leveled and strengthened the foundation in the trench, you can begin work on the installation of formwork. Using the rope and pegs, it is necessary to outline the perimeter of the formwork elements, following the requirements of the project. On the perimeter of the foundation pegs and bars are installed from all sides. Surfaces that face the foundation must be removed from the marking line by a distance that is equal to the thickness of the formwork panels. Pegs are needed to keep the bottom of the shields, while the bars will form the basis for the supports. Wooden boards should be attached to the beams and pegs, making a fastening with the help of nails. The inner surface of the shields must repeat the outer shape of the future base.

Advice from a specialist

If after you want to perform sanding on concrete, then make the indentation of the edge of the formwork from the marking by 15 mm. The upper part of the support bars should be additionally fixed by means of supports. To do this, you should apply a board, the length of which should be more than 1.5 times compared with the height of the foundation. With one edge, it will rest against the upper part of the supporting bar, while the other will land on the soil. With a large foundation thickness, when the supports can not withstand the pressure, it is necessary to carry out the bracing of the formwork with additional bridges. They are made of wire-rod, which will allow you to connect the opposite shields.

Technology of erection of buildings with fixed formwork

Formwork for concrete can also be non-removable, this technology is most often used today for the construction of cottages. In this case, the formwork elements will act as an additional layer of thermal insulation. The cost of works will be as low as possible, since labor costs are negligible. After the formation and waterproofing of the building's basement, a formwork is installed on it, which has the appearance of molds made of expanded polystyrene. They are stapled by profiles. Forms have a locking system of spike-groove, which allows you to connect the elements tightly and without gaps. At the same time, the possibility of penetration of the solution and the formation of sags at the junction of the molds is completely excluded.

The formwork can have completely different thicknesses, but the blocks are considered standard, in which the empty space has a width of 150 mm. At the same time, there is foam polystyrene on both sides with a layer from 5 to 7.5 cm. This will be enough for the house to be warm in winter and cool in the summer. When buildings of monolithic reinforced concrete are built using the technology of creating a permanent formwork, after installation, concrete is poured into the latter. As soon as its layer reaches a thickness of 50 cm, the material should be sealed with a deep vibrator.

Important to remember

It should be noted that for casting non-removable formwork it is permissible to use only concrete, the use of warm mixtures is excluded. This is due to the fact that the vapor permeability of expanded polystyrene is low, and the vapor permeability of warm mixes is higher. If warm concrete is sandwiched between layers of thermal insulation, condensation will accumulate inside, during which the fungus and mold will inevitably form. This technology monolithic reinforced concrete does not require the need for additional insulation. The walls will need to be plastered with a decorative compound or a sidewalk. The simplicity of the work, the low cost and the absence of the need for additional insulation are the advantages of the technique. But this cottage will not have the ability to breathe.

Technology precast reinforced concrete

The main difference between reinforced concrete precast elements is that they are assembled not in construction sites, but in the factory. This allows you to achieve higher quality products. At the manufacturing stage, high-mechanized machines are used, as well as fully automated equipment. The price of such structures is lower, since the labor intensity of the process is minimized. Prefabricated reinforced concrete is manufactured taking into account the low cost of assembling the formwork, since in this case it assumes a reusable use.

Reinforced concrete structures are divided into four classes according to their purpose, namely:

• For industrial facilities;
• Reinforced concrete products of different profiles;
• For the construction of civil and residential buildings;
• For engineering facilities.

Prefabricated reinforced concrete for civil use - it is overlapping, staircases, panels, platforms, foundation concrete blocks and wall structures. For industrial use, reinforced concrete columns, column foundations, piles and slabs are used.

Prefabricated reinforced concrete

The formwork will also need to be completed if you want to make reinforced concrete products yourself. At the same time, some house masters believe that it is not necessary to spend money on the reinforcement, because concrete already has high strength and reliability. However, in 90% of cases, the load-bearing elements are combined loads, namely, tension and compression. The armature will undergo stretching, not allowing the structure to break. Concrete will tolerate vertical loads only when it is in the form of a regular cube, which can only be achieved in the laboratory.

Conclusion

The production of concrete for pouring the foundation must assume compliance with the ratio of ingredients. So, the proportion of cement, sand and rubble is as follows: 1: 3: 5.