Methods of optimization of management decisions as a synthesizing sign of the innovation process

The specificity of innovation activity is its diversity, a process that unites science, technology, economics, management and entrepreneurship into a single whole. In recent years, the innovation process has evolved significantly and is now multifaceted. But its high cost intensity and riskiness, require the creation of an external environment of a set of conditions that promote the development of innovative activity of enterprises and the transition to modern methods of optimizing management decisions. Understanding the nature and specifics of the innovation process allows us to substantiate the main stages in the development of management decisions, to emphasize the management impact at its key stages and to use the combination of incentives in the most effective way.

Numerous developments in the field of studying innovative processes are presented in the scientific literature. The analysis of numerous scientific sources allows to speak about the lack of uniformity in the interpretation of the term "innovation process". We give the most typical definitions of this concept. So, according to the Interstate Standard GOST 31279-2004, this is a consistent process of transforming innovation into products, with subsequent presentation and output to the market. The standard also defines the overall content of the work in the innovation process: research and development, assistance in implementation, practical assistance in application and maintenance, and the process of generating adequate management decisions within its framework.

With the GOST definition, this understanding of the innovation process echoes, in the framework of which it is regarded as the process of genesis of innovative changes, which consists of the stages of transition to the corresponding methods of optimizing management decisions, as a result of which an introduced innovation appears. In other words, it is the transformation of new fundamental knowledge into applied knowledge, as well as a set of methods for achieving these goals. It should be noted that the majority of researchers and normative legal acts do not specifically share the categories of "innovation process" and "innovation cycle", they are used as identical. At the same time, there are differences in the generic concepts of "process" and "cycle". So, if the process is understood as successive actions, then the cycle is treated as "a set of processes occurring within a certain time interval". Therefore, on the one hand, it is necessary to clearly distinguish these concepts with reference to innovation activity, and on the other hand, to understand their unifying feature - both concepts presuppose their consideration as an activity for transition to modern methods of optimizing managerial decisions in business.

The innovation process assumes that during the transformation of innovation into production, it undergoes a number of states that succeed one another, including the process of developing managerial decisions that are characterized by an active transition in management to such methods of optimization of managerial decisions that allow the whole process to make the most Efficient economically.

The innovation process as a parallel-sequential implementation of activities covers a set of different types of work, the analysis allows it to identify the following activities and group them into 3 stages:

1. Getting innovation (marketing innovations, their initiation (ideas generation and filtering, project expertise, design work);

2. Dissemination of innovation (marketing, production and assistance in transfer to the market and implementation of innovations, technological transfer and commercialization of results);

3. Use of innovation (the implementation of new products, assistance in the application, the diffusion of innovation (promotion of innovation), utilization.

Thus, it is based on the totality of already existing knowledge and experience on which the subject of innovative activity relies, generating an idea bearing novelty. Using the existing set of tools (infrastructure), the idea is transformed into a prototype, and then into the final product.