Means of speech expressiveness. Allegory, irony, hyperbole

The Russian language is one of the most diverse and rich in the world, its expressive potential is truly enormous. A special emotionality and uniqueness of the text is given by various means of speech expressiveness used in the process of writing a work. The list is quite extensive.

Means of speech expressiveness in various spheres of life

It's no secret that one and the same thought can be presented in different ways. For example, the announcer of the television will say: "Today, the region was observed abundant precipitation in the form of snow, accompanied by a heavy wind." And two old women, drinking tea in the kitchen, can use the following phrase in conversation: "Yes, it's piled up like snow! And in the fiction literature this phenomenon can be represented as follows: "Snow flakes fell from the sky, like fluff from a ripped pillow, swept away by a strong wind, and enormous white snowdrifts covered the frozen earth, which was melting on them ..." . The picture described in different ways is almost the same, however, each of the variants differs from each other and has different effects on the subconscious of the person. All means of speech expressiveness of the language are to some extent based on associative perception of the text. Looking through the presented statements, the reader represents people who can so express themselves. Therefore, to characterize characters, create a certain color, authors of art texts use different styles.

Phonetic means of expressiveness

For the greatest impact on the imagination of the interlocutor or the reader, the viewer or the listener, a variety of methods are used. Means of speech expressiveness literally permeate all language levels. They can be observed both in phonetics and in syntax, which makes the understanding of the author's plan deeper and more comprehensive. Phonetic means of speech expressiveness are one of the most powerful methods of speech influence. The sensation of the sound image of the word occurs at the subconscious level, regardless of the person's desire. That is why most of the poetic texts are based on the use of sound means of expressiveness. As an example, we can cite the following sentence: "The leaves rustled, their rustling seemed to come from everywhere". Here the repeated use of the sound "w" in the phrase seems to create an accompaniment of a picture drawn by the imagination.

Alliteration

Phonetic speech expressiveness has some variation. Widely distributed are such opposing means as alliteration and assonance. They are based on the repetition in the text of identical or phonetic similar sounds - consonants in alliteration and vowels in the assonance. A vivid example of alliteration can serve as the phrase "Thunder roars, rumbles thunder," while reading that, a person subconsciously conjures up a vivid image of lightning flashes.

Assonance

A little less often, writers and poets use the repetition of vowels. For example, the assonance is presented in the sentence "There was an even field around" - the repeated sound "o" creates a sense of the length, breadth of space.

Anaphora, epiphany in artistic texts

They also make other figures of speech that serve to give more expressiveness to the text. For example, unusual techniques are anaphora and epiphora. They are variants of repetitions of similar sounds, words or groups of words at the beginning (anaphora) or at the end (epiphras) of each parallel independent segment of speech. "This is an act of a man! This is - the act of a real person! "- injection and amplification with each repetition are observed with anaphora. Epiphora can often be found at the end of poetic segments in the form of repetition of individual phrases or whole sentences. But you can look at it using the example of a separate prosaic sentence: "Everything in this room was black: the walls were black, the carpet on the floor was also black, the lamps were black and even the bed linen was black. And only the bed was pure white, creating a vivid contrast in the design. "

Language means of speech expressiveness: allegory

In the style of the Russian language there is a huge number of various tropes, or figures of speech. The main source of expressiveness is vocabulary. It is with her help that most of the author's ideas are realized in the text. For example, an allegory is a kind of transfer of a value or characteristics of an object to another object, an image of an abstract concept through a specific image. To explain what an allegory is, one can resort to consideration of traditional examples: the sun is a symbol of warmth, kindness; The wind is a symbol of freedom, free-thinking, impermanence. Therefore, this principle is often used in speech to characterize people. "Oh, you cunning fox!" - they say about someone as a joke. Or they can even say about a fickle person like this: "His character is windy, unsettling." Thus, when answering the question about what an allegory is, one should refer to symbolism, comparison of objects in terms of quality.

Allegory in parables, fairy tales, fables

Wonderful fabulist Krylov gives a colorful picture of the use of this technique. Although in fact he is the successor of Aesop. It is from his works that many subjects of fables of the Russian classic were taken. After all, everyone understands that when talking about a monkey trying on glasses on the tail, the author has in mind the ignoramus, the person who got used to everything superficially, to judge hastily, without thinking about the meaning. For children's perception, fairy tales are best suited for heroes of animals. On their example, the kid learns the basic laws of life: good returns a hundredfold, dirty, deceiver and lazy will be punished, one can not laugh at someone else's pain, etc. Short fables or allegorical tales resemble table toasts in Caucasian style, at the end of which morality is derived after the sentence To drink "For ...".

Allegory in poetry and lyrical songs

And Lermontov's remarkable poems about a lonely sail running on the waves? After all, a thoughtful reader is drawn here to the mental state of a crumpled personality, which no one understands in the modern world. Until now, adults like many folk songs, in which allegorical examples of plants - flowers, trees - describe human relationships. "What are you standing, swaying, thin ashberry?" - Sad sadly sings a girl who herself feels lonely, dreams to connect her fate with a reliable person, but for some reason can not do this ...

Litota, hyperbola

Language means of speech expressiveness are represented by other paths. For example, there are also such opposite figures as hyperbole, litot. Russian language has a wide range of opportunities for gradual expression of qualities. These techniques denote artistic understatement (litot) and exaggeration (hyperbole). The Russian language becomes brighter and more imaginative thanks to them. For example, such a property as the volume of the human body can be expressed both from the artificially understated side ("waist width from the neck of the bottle" - litot) and exaggerated ("shoulders the size of the doorway" - hyperbola). The Russian language even boasts stable expressions of this type: an aspen waist, high as a Kolomna verst.

Synonyms and antonyms in works of art

The use of synonyms and antonyms in the text increases its emotionality and expressiveness. Words that are semantically similar or different, diversify the work, reveal the author's design from different sides. To all other things, synonyms and antonyms simplify the perception of the text, because they clarify the meaning of individual semantic objects. But their use in oral and written speech should be approached with a certain caution, since some dictionary synonyms lose the closeness of meanings in a concrete context, and contextual antonyms are not always antonymous in their basic vocabulary meaning. For example, the adjectives "fresh" and "stale" when used with the noun "bread" are antonyms. But, if we are talking about the wind, the antonym to the adjective "fresh" will be the word "warm".

The irony in works of art

A very important means of artistic expressiveness is irony. Examples from the literature prove the high imagery of this technique. Pushkin, Lermontov, Dostoevsky - these Russian classics are the real masters of the use of irony in literature. Zoshchenko's tales are still in demand among modern satirists. Some phrases of the classics, which have become winged, are also used in everyday speech. For example, Zoshchenko's expression: "Take your cake back!" Or "Maybe you also give the keys to the apartment, where the money is?" Ilf and Petrova know absolutely everything. Yes, and the appeal to the jury, which refers to the moving ice, is still perceived with a great deal of irony. And the phrase "Who's here is so big?", Converted in everyday life to the child, has an ironic character, built on the use of antonymy. Irony is often present in the form of a banter over himself of one of the characters or the protagonist, in whose name the narrative is being conducted. These are the detectives of Daria Dontsova and other authors who also write in this style.

Various layers of vocabulary in fiction

The high expressive potential in fiction has a non-standardized vocabulary - jargon, neologisms, dialectisms, professionalisms, vernacular. The use in the text of words from these sections, especially in direct speech, gives a figurative and evaluative characterization of the character. Each hero of a literary work is individual, and these lexical elements, neatly and appropriately used, reveal the character's image from various sides. For example, the saturation of Sholokhov's novel "Quiet Flows the Don" dialectal vocabulary creates an atmosphere that is specific to a particular territory and a specific historical period. And the use in speech of the characters of common speech words and expressions is the best way to reveal their characters. It is also impossible to do without a special vocabulary, describing life on the ship. And in works where heroes, albeit secondary ones, are formerly repressed or people from the homeless category, avoiding jargon and even argo is simply impossible.

Multi-union as a means of expressiveness

Another stylistic figure of speech is the polysyndeton. In another way this method is called multi-union and consists in using in the text homogeneous members or phrases, connected by identical repeating unions. This enhances expressiveness, creating unplanned pauses in the offer on the ground of connecting its parts with the service parts of speech and increasing the importance of each element of enumeration. Therefore, writers and poets often use multi-union in their works. Examples:

1. "The sea storm and rustled, and tore, and swayed, and ruined, and frightened" - every element of a number of homogeneous members here has an emphatic importance.
2. "In the house of Natalia, every thing was in its place: a bunch of keys, and an armchair with a bright, self-tied cloak, and a huge floor vase with dry twigs of a plant, even an open book - everything is always at any time of the day in the same place "- here, each homogeneous member with the help of a multi-union enhances the impression of accuracy and clarity of the location of objects in the dwelling of the heroine.
3. "And the wind blew and the thunder rumbled, and the branches of the trees swayed, knocking at the windows, and the clouds blackened the sky with black waves - it all together frightened, causing excitement and pulling the blanket to the chin itself" - here homogeneous sentences, coupled with the alliance, A state of fear and despair.

Thus, the language means of speech expressiveness is a necessary element of artistic speech. Without them, the literary text looks dry and uninteresting. But do not forget that the material should be aimed at the reader. Therefore, the selection of the language tools used in the work must be done in the most careful way, otherwise the author risks being misunderstood and underestimated.