General urogenital smear

A visit to the gynecological office is a mandatory procedure for all women. It is recommended to pass it at least twice a year. Practically every visit to the gynecologist is accompanied by taking tests. позволяет определить степень чистоты женского организма, наличие воспалений и инфекций. Urogenital smear allows you to determine the degree of purity of the female body, the presence of inflammation and infection.

Causes and reasons for taking tests

If there are certain symptoms, you should not wait for a planned gynecological examination, it is better to apply immediately to determine the cause of discomfort. The reason for visiting a doctor or passing emergency tests should be such symptoms:

Нехарактерные выделения из влагалища (например, творогообразные, зеленоватые, с запахом и другие). 1. Uncharacteristic discharge from the vagina (for example, cottage, greenish, with a smell and others).

Боли в нижней части живота. 2. Pain in the lower abdomen.

Жжение или зуд в интимной зоне. 3. Burning or itching in the intimate area.

Прием сильнодействующих антибиотиков. 4. Reception of potent antibiotics.

Планирование зачатия. 5. Planning for conception.

Preparing to visit a doctor

Despite the general opinion that it is not necessary to prepare for the delivery of tests, this is not so. There are a number of recommendations that should be followed to obtain a more accurate and reliable result:

Воздержитесь от посещения туалета минимум на 2-3 часа. 1. Refrain from going to the toilet for at least 2-3 hours. Otherwise, urine can disrupt the state of the microflora and wash off part of the bacteria.

Такие процедуры, как спринцевание, подмывание агрессивным (антибактериальным) мылом или использование лечебных свечей, могут сказаться на результатах. 2. Procedures such as syringing, washing with aggressive (antibacterial) soap or using medicinal candles, can affect the results.

При возможности сдачу анализов лучше перенести на период после менструации. 3. If possible, it is better to transfer the tests for the period after menstruation.

Воздержитесь от полового акта накануне посещения врача. 4. Refrain from sexual intercourse on the eve of a visit to the doctor.

Procedure for taking samples

берется уже на первом приеме гинеколога. The urogenital smear is taken already at the first reception of the gynecologist. The analysis fence is most often performed by the attending physician, however sometimes the procedure can be performed by the nurse (for example, in medical laboratories).

After placing the patient in a gynecological chair with a spatula the physician collects biological material. To do this, he draws the instrument through the walls of the vagina, the urethra and the cervical canal. The spatula is usually metal or plastic. After taking the smear, it is distributed evenly over a small glass, where different sections are marked with Latin letters. The procedure does not cause painful sensations.

Such an analysis can take not only women, but men. For this, the doctor inserts a special probe into the urethra and turns it several times. , как правило, не вызывает болезненных ощущений, но все-таки процедура достаточно неприятная. Urogenital smear in men , as a rule, does not cause painful sensations, but still the procedure is quite unpleasant. Painful sensations can be exacerbated by the presence of diseases or infections.

исследование урогенитального мазка в лаборатории. The next stage is sending and examining the urogenital smear in the laboratory. Biological material is dried, after which the staining of the smear in different colors is performed, which allows to determine the degree of purity and other indicators reliably.

The time frame for preparing the results and the cost of the procedure

– это несложная процедура, занимающая мало времени. A smear from the urogenital tract is a simple procedure that takes little time. The results of the analysis, as a rule, are already ready for the next day. You can pass such an analysis in the district clinic at your place of residence, and completely free of charge.

If you do not have the time and desire to wait for a long time to turn for free treatment, you can always go to a paid laboratory or private medical clinic. анализ урогенитального мазка обойдется в 450-600 рублей. Here, an analysis of the urogenital smear will cost 450-600 rubles. The timing of the preparation of the results is the same as in the district clinic, that is, one day.

Urogenital smear: results and interpretation

Smear on the degree of purity allows you to get results about such indicators: leukocytes, epithelium, infections, flora, mucus and others. U »), вагина (« V »), цервикальный канал (« C »). The results of the analyzes are always presented in the form of a table with the following main columns: urethra (" U "), vagina (" V "), cervical channel (" C "). The additional columns are the name of the studied indicators.

Показатели, находящиеся в строке «V», рассказывают о составе флоры влагалища. 1. The indices in line "V" tell about the composition of the flora of the vagina.

Цервикальный канал, или шейка матки. 2. Cervical canal, or cervix. The data of this graph reveal the composition of the flora of this particular area of the body.

Уретра, или мочеиспускательный канал, – третья графа. 3. The urethra, or the urethra, is the third count.

In order to understand the results, it is worthwhile to know the approximate standards and indicators:

Плоский эпителий – это клетки, находящиеся в матке и влагалище. 1. The flat epithelium is the cells that are in the uterus and the vagina. They must necessarily be present in the body, otherwise the doctor may suspect the development of a deficiency or excess of some hormones. Микроскопия урогенитального мазка может показать повышение содержания клеток плоского эпителия из-за увеличения содержания в крови эстрогена. Normally, their content should be from 5 to 10. Microscopy of the urogenital smear can show an increase in the content of cells of the flat epithelium due to an increase in the content of estrogen in the blood. In the pre-climacteric period, the epithelium content may decrease significantly, which is associated with a decrease in the amount of estrogen.

Наличие лейкоцитов – они отвечают за защиту интимной зоны. 2. The presence of leukocytes - they are responsible for protecting the intimate zone. In the urethra, the number of leukocytes should be from 0 to 5, in the vagina - from 0 to 10 (during pregnancy, the indices are increased to 20). A small number of them is considered normal and indicates that the body is healthy. в котором повышены, свидетельствует о начинающемся воспалении (уретрит, мочекаменная болезнь, повреждение эпителия камнем или песком). The urogenital smear, whose leukocytes are elevated, indicates the beginning inflammation (urethritis, urolithiasis, epithelial damage to the stone or sand). The higher the number, the more developed the inflammatory process.

Золотистый стафилококк – его присутствие в мазке является нормальным. 3. Staphylococcus aureus - its presence in the smear is normal. Elevated levels of bacteria indicate the onset of inflammatory process.

Слизь – повышенное содержание данного биологического материала может говорить о несоблюдении правил гигиены, воспалении или неправильным взятии мазка. 4. Mucus - increased content of this biological material may indicate non-compliance with the rules of hygiene, inflammation or improper swabbing. Normally, the indicator should be moderate.

A healthy organism is inhabited by an abundance of biological rods (bifidobacteria and lactobacilli). They protect the intimate zone from getting into and developing inflammation and infection. During the period of gestation by a female child, the content of lactobacilli in the vagina is further increased to provide a reliable protection against infections. With a decrease in their number, the development of dysbacteriosis is possible.

Foreign bacteria can indicate infection or inflammation. ) может содержать: The urogenital smear (the transcript of which is given above ) may contain:

Кокки – это бактерии. 1. Kokki is bacteria. They are distinguished by several types: diplococci, gonococci. Their large number can talk about the development of inflammation in the vagina, urethra or dysbiosis. There are positive and negative cocci. Their structure is very different, which affects the necessary type of treatment. Gram-positive testify to the presence of streptococci or staphylococci. Gram-negative, or gonococci, are the causes of gonorrhea. Depending on their type, the doctor makes a choice of medications.

Маленькие палочки зачастую являются симптомами развития гарднереллеза . 2. Small sticks are often symptoms of gardnerellez .

Грибковые бактерии свидетельствуют о развитии грибкового заболевания (молочница, или кандидоз). 3. Fungal bacteria indicate the development of fungal disease (thrush, or candidiasis).

Трихомонады – их наличие говорит о развитии трихомониаза. 4. Trichomonads - their presence suggests the development of trichomoniasis.

Атипичные (ключевые) клетки склеиваются с биологическими палочками. 5. Atypical (key) cells are glued together with biological rods. Often talk about the development of bacterial vaginosis (dysbacteriosis of the vagina) or gardnerellez.

Лептротрикс – бактерия, которая зачастую присутствует в составе микрофлоры. 6. Leptrotrix is a bacterium that is often present in the microflora. In itself, it is not a disease, but its detection indicates a violation of the state of microflora or the presence of a sexually transmitted disease. Often she accompanies such diseases as thrush and vaginosis.

For the cervical canal, the following parameters are normal: leukocytes from 0 to 30, the epithelium is normal, the remaining bacteria and cells should be absent.

может установить наличие смешанной флоры. Microscopy of the urogenital smear can establish the presence of a mixed flora. This is a fairly frequent diagnosis. Most often, this occurs in adolescents or women in menopause. Otherwise, mixed flora can speak of a malfunction in the operation of the ovaries, dysbiosis, infection, inflammation of the pelvic organs, a certain cycle period.

урогенитальный мазок позволяет установить наличие воспалительного процесса или инфекции, но он не дает полной картины. In most cases, the urogenital smear can detect the presence of an inflammatory process or infection, but it does not give a complete picture.

If abnormalities are found, the doctor may need additional test results. связано с тем, что общий мазок урогенитальные инфекции не показывает. This is due to the fact that the common smear of urogenital infection does not show. Many viruses and bacteria are so small that they can be detected only by conducting a separate independent examination and taking tests for infection.

To determine the reaction of infection to drugs, bacteriological culture is taken.

Normal indices of the male smear

у мужчин показывает наличие лейкоцитов, эпителия, кокков, трихомонад, слизи и микрофлоры. Urogenital smear in men shows the presence of leukocytes, epithelium, cocci, trichomonads, mucus and microflora. The analysis is taken from the urethra with a special spatula. The results of laboratory research are always presented in the form of a table with two columns. Normal indicators for men are:

Лейкоциты - от 0 до 5. 1. Leukocytes - from 0 to 5.

Эпителий - от 5 до 10. 2. Epithelium - from 5 to 10.

Слизь – умеренное содержание. 3. Slime - moderate maintenance.

Кокки – единичные. 4. Kokkis are isolated.

The remaining parameters (mushrooms, gonococci and Trichomonas) should be absent. Abnormalities can indicate the presence of an inflammatory process or infection. This may be the reason for the appointment of additional tests in order to obtain a complete picture. Only after this treatment is prescribed if necessary.

Urogenital smear: norm of indicators in men

In the body of a healthy man, the white blood cell count can be from 0 to 5, the epithelium from 5 to 10, cocci in a single quantity, the rest of the indices should be 0.

Any deviations from the norm are grounds for additional examination. Elevated levels of white blood cells may indicate the development of urethritis, prostatitis, urolithiasis, narrowing of the urethra or tumor development.

Increasing the amount of epithelium is also a negative indicator. развитие воспаления или мочекаменной болезни. Perhaps the development of inflammation or urolithiasis. The content of cocci can be caused by an increase in the content of bacteria and the development of this background of urethritis. Mucus may indicate an inflammatory process, urethritis or prostatitis.

Similar analyzes

Analysis of the purity of the vagina implies the presence of four categories. However, only the first two speak about the health of women, the two following indicate the presence of the disease:

Первая степень чистоты. 1. First degree of purity. This result is rare. It indicates the health of a woman. All indicators are normal.

Вторая степень чистоты. 2. The second degree of purity. A very common result. In this case, the number of leukocytes does not exceed the permissible norm, and mucus and epithelium are moderately present. кокков, но в маленьком числе. There are mushrooms and cocci, but in a small number. There is a large number of lactobacilli.

Третья степень чистоты. 3. Third degree of purity. It is characterized by an abundance of mucus and epithelium. There is an increase in the number of fungi and bacteria, while the number of lactobacilli is small.

Четвертая степень чистоты. 4. The fourth degree of purity. It is characterized by an abundance of leukocytes, mucus and pests.

The first two degrees of purity speak of the health of the body. Subsequent degrees indicate the need for urgent treatment. After passing the drug treatment, a second test is performed.

Taking analysis during pregnancy

During pregnancy, the urogenital swab is taken three times: on the day of the first examination and registration, at the 30th week and before childbirth.

Checks are performed in order to exclude the presence of the development of inflammation or infection. Any deviation from the norm can affect the development of the fetus.

There are differences in the smears of a pregnant woman and a non-pregnant woman:

Содержание палочек значительно возрастает, что вызвано необходимостью создания кислой флоры. 1. The maintenance of rods considerably increases, that is caused by necessity of creation of acidic flora. It prevents the development of pathogenic microflora.

Растет число клеток эпителия. 2. The number of epithelial cells increases. It is necessary for feeding lactobacilli and maintaining their growth.

The remaining indicators are identical. The presence of unwanted microorganisms requires treatment.

Disadvantages of such a study

Despite the universality of such a study and a large number of indicators studied, urogenital analysis has a serious drawback - it is impossible to accurately diagnose the disease. To determine the presence of infection and establish its type, you will have to pass an additional analysis to the STD.

урогенитальный мазок является наиболее простым и дешевым способом определения состояния пациента. However, the urogenital smear is the simplest and cheapest way to determine a patient's condition. Many other similar analyzes are also used. Some doctors attribute this type of research to an outdated technique and prefer other variants of analyzes. Despite this, the general smear for determining the purity of the body is still relevant and is used by many.

Conclusion

Thus, the interpretation of the results of the urogenital smear will not seem so difficult if you know the norms of interpretation. You can pass such an analysis in most medical institutions, and the speed of obtaining a result makes it very popular and popular.