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Falsification of documents: Article 327 of the Criminal Code. Responsibility for the falsification of documents. Types of falsification of documents

Falsification of documents is a criminal offense. Forgery can be carried out by selecting (replacing) all or any specific elements of paper. Let's consider how the documents are falsified.

General information

In the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, falsification of documents is characterized by a description of individual actions. At the same time, the specific meaning of the term "fake" is not disclosed in the Code. Falsification of documents by experts is defined as the production of fictitious paper with the help of copying, copying equipment, forms illegally seized, forged stamps, signatures, seals. Forgery can be implemented by making corrections or completely changing the original, destroying some of the existing text (cutting, washing, etching, cleaning), adding new entries (pasting, insertion, supplementation).

Falsification of documents: UK

Counterfeiting can be an independent crime or an element of another. In the first case, for example, falsification of election documents or referendum forms may take place. For the purpose of profit can be falsified and then sold securities and money. The manufacture of counterfeit medical papers describes Article 233 of the Criminal Code. Falsification of medical documents, prescriptions, certificates and so on allows you to get psychotropic or narcotic drugs in pharmacies. As an independent crime is the forgery and sale of settlement or credit cards and other payment papers. This is by no means all the ways in which documents are falsified. Article 327 of the Criminal Code provides for punishment for forgery, production or sale of fictitious state awards, seals, stamps, forms, papers. Office forgery is described in art. 292.

Types of falsification of documents

In accordance with the various signs of the compositions, forgery can be general or special. In the analysis of counterfeiting, experts identify the type of falsification of documents. Article 327 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation contains a list of signs on which, for example, intellectual forgery is determined. In this case, the paper contains all the necessary requisites, has the correct form, but the data that is stated in it does not correspond to reality. There is also material falsification of documents. Article of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation describing this or that crime may provide for a full or partial forgery. There is also such a category as fictitious papers. They are issued from companies that have ceased to exist or fictitious persons, are assured by the wrong organization or the specialist they are supposed to.

Cleansing

There are different methods by which documents are falsified. Cleansing refers to the mechanical removal of parts of the text. As a rule, they are erased with an eraser or are scraped with a knife, a blade with strokes, letters, numbers. When you clean up, the top layer of paper is broken, its part is deleted along with the text elements. The signs of this procedure are a change in gloss, ruffling of fibers, paper thinning, blurring of the ink applied on top of the text and so on. In some cases, the cleared area is masked, smoothed or lacquered with something hard. Also, to hide the erasure, a continuous stroke of the text can be carried out.

Etching

This procedure is washing or discoloration with chemical reagents: oxidizers, alkalis, acids. Substances have an impact not only on the text being deleted, but also directly on paper, background mesh and so on. When using chemical etching, changes in the shades of the document will be noticeable. As a rule, yellow spots appear on paper. Also, the ink blurs will be visible when applying the text from the top, weakening the brightness of the strokes. The latter is a consequence of the continuing impact of the chemical reagent left in the paper.

Subscription

It is an addition to the graphic elements of individual words, signs, letters, paragraphs. The supplement is carried out, as a rule, in ink, identical in color to the already existing text. As the main signs of such a fake, there are differences in the features of handwriting in the parts being compared. Letters can have different size, thickness. In addition, the elements of the same name can have different outlines, different intervals can be found in the document, signs of stops in the spelling, strokes of strokes, displacement of lines, presence of a stroke of text, and so on.

Docking

It is the inclusion of typewritten signs, paragraphs, words, various symbols. Typically, such changes are made in a small amount. However, they can significantly affect the content. So, preprinting individual numbers, letters, you can change the amounts in waybills, statements, receipts. As distinctive features of such a fake are the discrepancies in the horizontality of the signs, the differences in the sizes and patterns of the same signs, the colors of the ribbon dyes.

Substitution of elements

As a rule, identity cards are forged in this way . Passports, passes and other documents are replaced most often with photographs. Technically, this procedure can be carried out in different ways. For example, a photo can be replaced completely, leaving a fragment with an impression of printing, etc. The gluing is visible by peeling off the top layer of the blank under the picture and around it, the discrepancy in the content, the size of the letters of the print text on the photo and paper, and so on. In the case of changing sheets of a multipage document, the elements may differ in size, trimming line, color hue. Also discrepancies of places of punctures and clips are visible, in numbering, number, a series of pages.

Forgery of signatures

Falsification in this case is also carried out in different ways. In particular, it can be imitation (imitation) of a genuine sample, copying using technical tools. Visually falsification of the signature can be identified by the adjacent strokes along the stroke not overlapped by the preparatory strokes, due to signs of slowness in movements (stops, sketches, blunt endings of lines).

Imitation of impressions

Many documents must be certified with stamps and seals, in which there is a certain text and signs. Impressions are forged by drawing, making cliches on rubber and other materials, wet copying from the original and so on. If the drawing was used, a trace from the leg of the compass will be seen in the center of the circular print. Also, the heterogeneity of the pattern and size of the same letters will be noticeable, and their asymmetric position relative to the dividing elements. Often experts disclose semantic and grammatical errors in the text of the print. When using a cliche, the mirror character of letters is revealed, the absence of certain elements. To avoid this defect, the method of copying is used. For example, at first the impression is removed by some sticky material or egg whites, and then applied to the blank.

The Penalties

Legislation establishes responsibility for the falsification of documents. In particular, for the forgery of certificates, other official papers that grant rights or exempt from duties, production for the sale of state awards, stamps, seals, and forms for the purpose of profit is provided for:

  • Restriction of freedom to 2 or 3 years.
  • Arrest for 6 months.

If the crimes are repeatedly committed, the law provides for up to 4 years of imprisonment. If a citizen knew that the document was fake, and used it, they can appoint him:

  • A fine of up to 200 minimum wages or equal to a salary or other income for a period of 1 to 2 months.
  • Mandatory or corrective work. In the first case, their duration is up to 240 hours, in the second - up to 2 years.
  • Arrest for six months.

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