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Daghestanian languages. Dagestan surnames. Daghestanian literature

Even for the multinational Caucasus, the linguistic features of Dagestan are unusual, rich and diverse. Some languages are inherent only in individual small auls, which is why Dagestan is called a "mountain of languages".

Variety of languages

There are about thirty written and non-written Dagestani mountain languages. Daghestanian languages are included in the eastern group of Caucasian Japhetic languages. The Chechen-Dagestan group is in a distant relationship with the Abkhaz-Adyghe western group. Within the group, Dagestani languages have a close relationship, the proof of this is the grammatical structure and vocabulary (especially Avar and Lak languages).

Some Daghestanian languages have been little studied. Well studied Darginsky, Avar, Lezghin, Lak. For this reason, only a preliminary classification can be made.

Scheme of the Dagestani languages

It can look like this:

  1. The Avar-Ando-Dido group. It includes the following languages: Andean (godobari, andi, ahvah, botli, karata, bagvalal, tindi, chamalal); Avar; Dido (capucci, Hvar, Ginuh, Hunzal, Dido); The language of Archa or Rochi.
  2. The Darginskaya group. It includes Darginsky, Kubachi and Kaitak languages.
  3. Lak group is represented only by Lak language.
  4. Group Lezginskaya. It includes the following languages: Lezghin, Samur (agul, tsakhur, rutul, jack, haput, hinalug, kryz, Udi, bouduk), Tabasaran.

The Dagestani languages do not have any real verbs in a morphological sense. They do not distinguish between impersonal and personal forms of the verb. Many Dagestani languages are amazed by the many forms of declension and the number of cases.

Dagestan surnames

All Daghestanian peoples, including Kumyks, have almost the same names. The pronunciation may vary. The bulk is Arabic names. Recently, there has been a borrowing of personal names from the Russian language.

Many Dagestan names are preserved in the family (generic) names. They are made in the Dagestan languages with the help of special multiplicity suffixes. For example, in the Avar language the suffix -al : on behalf of Ilyas-Ilyasal (Ilyasov). In Lak, the suffix -hyul is used : on behalf of Ali - Alihul (Aliyev).

The generic (tukhum, family) names include the base, which is composed of Dagestani words, common and ethnic names, names of localities.

Declination of last names

In Daghestanian languages, when a generic (surname-tukhum) and a personal name are combined, the surname in the genitive plural is put first, and then the personal name. For example: Ahmadhal Ahi, Mukhtarlany Gyaji.

Daghestanian languages allow us to bow to the generic name when there is no personal name nearby. If it stands next to the tukhum (generic), then, as a rule, declination is excluded, that is, the surname retains the genitive case, the personal name inclines.

When you prepare various documents - be it a passport, marriage certificate, a metric, a certificate, etc. - family names are transliterated, the Dagestan suffixes are replaced by Russians -ev . For example: Abdullaev, Akhmedov, Omarov.

Daghestanian literature

The literature of the peoples of Dagestan is multilingual and diverse. For many centuries, it has been developing in Kumyk, Dargin, Avar, Lak, Tabasaran, Lezgin and Tat languages. In each of them, literature is formed in a peculiar way, in many ways it depends on cultural and socio-economic development. The history of the peoples of Dagestan is reflected in the oral folk art: these are lyrical and epic songs, legends, legends, sayings, proverbs, legends. Many of them are imbued with humanistic and democratic aspirations, reflect the struggle of the people against the oppressors. So, for example, "Parth Patima", a Lak song, tells of the struggle in the 13th and 14th centuries. With the Mongol-Tatars. Kumyk "Kartgochak", "Song about Aigazi" tell about struggle against feudal lords.

Dagestan tales, a heroic epic, historical songs include motifs of fairy tales and songs of other peoples: Georgia, Azerbaijan, the Middle East and Central Asia. Together with folk art in the 17-18th centuries. Literary traditions developed in local and Arabic languages. The feudal era is characterized by historical chronicles, literary monuments, various treatises on philological and natural science topics, they all have literary merit.

In the 17th century, the development of professional secular literature was influenced by the Dagestani schools of Moussa from Kudutlya, Shaaban from Obod. Philosophy, Arabic languages, law were studied there, dictionaries were created, at the same time the first samples of writing appeared. The ways of development of the Dagestan literature can be traced through the historical chronicles of Magomed Tahir al-Karahi, Haji Ali, Hasan Alkadari.

Literature of the 19th and 20th centuries

Already in the 19th century, Russian scientists showed great interest in Dagestani literature. Many books on ethnography and the history of Dagestan were created and published. "Derbent-name" - the oldest edition, was released in St. Petersburg in 1851, Professor Kazembek was translated into English, made comments. In 1898 in Tiflis the same book was published with a translation into Russian. In addition, Derbent-name was translated into the Lak language.

The October Revolution of 1917 introduced a lot of new literature into Dagestan. It began its rapid development. During the Civil War, many revolutionary, partisan songs began to be born that sang the Communist Party, freedom, the insurgent people. Under Soviet power, all Daghestanian nationalities were united, at that time writing began here, which was taught to the general public. The first steps in the development of post-revolutionary Dagestani literature were done by such writers as Z. Batyrmurzayev and G. Saidov. At that time, the task was to praise the Soviet government, conduct active propaganda for the ideas of the Communists and simultaneously expose hostile bourgeois ideas.

During the Second World War, Dagestani poets and writers described the exploits of Soviet soldiers defending their Motherland. Numerous works were written with characteristic features of folk art. At that time, such significant works as "The Wife of a Frontier Woman", "The Song of Brides" by Tsadasy were created; "Voice of the Mother", "At the Gates of the Caucasus" by Hajiyev; "Gulzatov's guns"; "Seeing the Highlander" Zalov; "Nights", "Dnepr", "On the Road" Suleymanov.

At present, the organization of writers of Dagestan is one of the largest in Russia. It includes more than 140 poets, playwrights, prose writers, critics, translators. The Union consists of nine sections, the head of each of them is some well-known writer of world renown.

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