Crossed terrain is a difficult area for movement

Crossed terrain is a part of the earth's surface with difficult conditions for movement. The name is, at first glance, does not correspond to the definition or does not quite accurately characterize such territory. Under the notion of intersection, the meaning of the "ruggedness" of the earth's surface by various neoplasms is used here. They create irregularities, and this is not necessarily deepening. These formations can also rise above the ground.

Terrain: definition and properties

Rivers, lakes, mountains and hills, forests and swamps all change the appearance of the earth's surface. The crossed terrain is a concept that precisely characterizes a similar territory. In the dictionaries on the verb "cross" it is indicated that in this expression it is used in the value of the quality determinant or the property of a certain section. In another way, it can be said that on this territory the earth's surface is rugged with various relief elements.

Cross-country terrain assumes that 20% or more of various obstacles are located on the site, which in one way or another complicate the easy movement. They can be of natural origin or artificially created objects. If such obstacles are less than 20%, then it is customary to speak of a small intersection.

Roads, overpasses, canals and settlements are built by a person and belong to the terrain. And everything that is created by nature is usually called a relief. Science topography studies these individual elements, them in aggregate, as well as ways of displaying them on maps.

Thus, a terrain is understood to be a certain piece of land with natural irregularities on its surface and artificially created objects (objects). If they are less than 10%, then such a terrain is considered not to be crossed. More than 30% is evidence of a strong cross-section.

Passage is a similar property of the territory, giving an understanding of the ease or complexity of movement along it. Here the main factor is the presence or absence of a road network. It is clear that the presence of ravines, rivers, forests or swamps reduces patency. To increase it, it is necessary to carry out engineering work.

Therefore, all the terrain outside the roads is conditionally crossed. The degree of it depends on the presence or absence of obstacles in it as a percentage. Allocate easy and difficult to access areas, as well as areas where there is no possibility of movement.

Characteristics

Crossed terrain (photo it is placed in the article) is subdivided depending on the possibility of review. It can be open if the area is easily visible up to 75% in all directions. When the degree of the survey is less, one speaks of closedness. The intermediate value can be characterized by conditional intersection. The determining factor in this case is the presence of forests, gardens, hills, settlements with infrastructure objects that limit the survey.

Soil and vegetation on it also make adjustments. Depending on their types of territory there are desert, steppe, forest, tundra, marshy, and also transitional types. The terrain can have hilly, flat or mountainous terrain. For an even surface, heights of up to 300 m above the sea level are characteristic. Strongly crossed terrain - this is often a territory with a hilly and more complex terrain. Mountain areas are divided into three types depending on the prevailing heights: low - up to 1000 m, medium - up to 2000 m, high - over 2000 m. Hills are determined by elevations of up to 500 m.

Specificity

Crossed terrain has an impact on the layout and location of settlements, on the road network. The climatic features of the region depend on it to some extent. The soil of such places is also often specific. It depends on the vegetation cover, the level of groundwater and the possibility of their use for human needs and agrotechnics of cultural plantings.

The most fertile are the chernozems and the chestnut soils that are close to them . But they are less suitable for unpaved roads during the abundance of precipitation. In the semi-deserts, sandy loam and solonchaks are common. Soils, unlike soil (fertile top layer), are applicable for construction. They, in turn, are subdivided into rocky, friable and intermediate.

Subjects of the terrain, depending on the purpose, location, shape and origin can be divided into several types:

• settlements;
• Facilities for industry, agriculture and culture;
• Road network and transport communications;
• Communication and power lines;
• Vegetation cover;
• Hydrographic objects (rivers, lakes) and water structures with them (ports, piers, wharves).

Elements of relief

Crossed terrain - this unevenness, determining the type and nature of the earth's surface. They are divided into relief forms. The mountain is a domed or conical hill. The upper part can be an acute shape (peak) or have a plane (plateau). The base of the mountain is called the sole, and the lateral faces are called the elephants. If the height of the formation is up to 200 m, then it is customary to call it a hill. If it is of artificial origin, it is a mound. Several elevations, located in one direction, form a ridge.

Lowering of the terrain with a cup-shaped depression of a closed type is called a hollow. If it is small, it is a pit. A hollow is usually called a pronounced decrease in the terrain in one direction with a clearly noticeable depression. If such formation has steep edges and steep slopes, then it is called a ravine. Between the two neighboring peaks of the ridge, as a rule, there is a decrease. Such an education is called a saddle.

Cross-country traffic

Complex terrain and obstacles to travel in the normal mode are not very suitable. If you have to go in such a locality, it is better to choose notable animal trails, potholes and objects that reliably lie on the surface of the earth. To climb the mountain it is advisable to use auxiliary climbing equipment and accessories. Especially dangerous are the talus, as they can form a rockfall.

Movement on relatively flat areas can be done in a measured and rhythmic step or jogging. The presence of obstacles causes a slowdown, carefully look under the feet, so as not to collapse the foot or stretch the ligaments. Forest, swamp, bush, sand or snow - all this requires a special step.

The presence of luggage behind the back, slope or climbing the mountain imposes additional requirements. Descent is sometimes more expedient to produce "serpentine". At a steep ascent, put the foot on the whole foot or have their "Christmas tree", spreading the socks to the sides, and torso slightly forward.

Sports

The crossed terrain is a suitable territory for the competitions. They can be organized in different ways. Races on the territory, impeding the movement, run, on skis, bicycles, motorcycles and cars. Cross-country running is part of one of the disciplines of track and field athletics. The first official competitions in this sport (cross) took place in 1837. The World Cup was held in 1973. Official competitions are held usually in autumn and winter after the completion of the main athletics season.

Cross-country running effectively affects all the muscles and systems of the body. The route is usually laid in the forest zone or in open areas. The length can be depending on the complexity of the site from 3 to 12 km. Natural conditions for the competition are not affected. Often races occur in rain, snow and in strong winds.

Cross-country running, in addition to muscular strength, trains endurance, strengthens joints and ligaments, heals the heart and the vascular system. Loads in overcoming obstacles effectively relieve stress and act as a strong energetic.