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Charge the battery circuit and the principle of operation

How does the battery charge? Is the circuit of this device complex or not, in order to make the device yourself? Is the charging device for a car battery essentially different from what is used for mobile phones? We will try to answer all the questions posed in the article.

General information

The battery plays a very important role in the functioning of devices, units and mechanisms, which require electricity for operation. So, in vehicles it helps to start the engine of the machine. And in mobile phones, batteries allow us to make calls.

Charging the battery, the circuit and the operation principles of this device are considered even in the school physics course. But, alas, already to release many of this knowledge has time to forget. Therefore, we hasten to recall that the battery is based on the principle of the difference in voltage (potentials) between two plates, which are specially immersed in the electrolyte solution.

The first batteries were copper-zinc. But since that time they have significantly improved and modernized.

How the battery is arranged

The only visible element of any device is the case. It ensures the generality and integrity of the structure. It should be noted that the name "battery" can be fully applied only to one cell of the battery (they are also called banks), and the same standard car battery with 12 V is only six.

We return to the body. Strong demands are made to it. So, it should be:

  • Resistant to aggressive chemical reagents;
  • Capable of withstanding significant temperature fluctuations;
  • Possessing good indices of vibration resistance.

All these requirements are met by modern synthetic material - polypropylene. More detailed differences should be distinguished only when working with specific samples.

Principle of operation

As an example, we will consider lead-acid batteries.

When there is a load on the terminal, a chemical reaction starts, which is accompanied by the release of electricity. Over time, the battery will be discharged. And how is it restored? Is there a simple scheme?

Charging the battery is not difficult. It is necessary to carry out the reverse process - electricity is applied to the terminals, chemical reactions are re-occurring (pure lead is recovered), which in the future will allow the battery to be used.

Also during charging, the density of the electrolyte increases . Thus, the battery restores its initial properties. The better the technology and materials used in the manufacture, the more cycles of charge / discharge the battery can withstand.

What kind of electrical circuit charging batteries exist?

A classic device is made from a rectifier and a transformer. If we consider all the same car batteries with a voltage of 12 V, the charges for them have a constant current of about 14 V.

Why so? This voltage is necessary so that the current can go through a discharged car battery. If he himself has 12 V, then the device of the same power will not be able to help him, therefore they take higher values. But in everything you need to know the measure: if you overestimate the voltage, this will have a detrimental effect on the life of the device.

Therefore, if you want to make a device yourself, it is necessary for the cars to look for suitable schemes for charging car batteries. The same applies to other techniques. If you need a lithium-ion battery charging circuit , then you need a 4 V device and no more.

Recovery process

Let's say you have a battery charging circuit from the generator on which the device was assembled. The battery is connected and the recovery process starts immediately. As it proceeds, the internal resistance of the device will increase. With it, the charging current will fall.

When the voltage approaches the maximum possible value, this process generally does not proceed at all. And this indicates that the device was successfully charged and can be turned off.

Technological recommendations

It must be ensured that the battery current is only 10% of its capacity. And it is not recommended to either exceed this figure, nor to reduce it. So, if you go along the first path, the electrolyte will evaporate, which will significantly affect the maximum capacity and battery life. On the second path, the necessary processes will not occur at the required intensity, because of which negative processes will continue, although to a lesser extent.

Charging

The device can be bought or assembled by hand. For the second option, we will need electrical circuits for charging the batteries. The choice of the technology by which it will be done should be based on which batteries are targeted. You need the following components:

  1. Current limiter (designed on ballast capacitors and transformer). The more the indicator can be achieved, the more significant the current will be. In general, this should be enough for charging. But the reliability of this device is very low. So, if you break contacts or confuse something, then both the transformer and the capacitors will fail.
  2. Protection in case of connection of "wrong" poles. To do this, you can design a relay. So, the conditional string is based on a diode. If you mix up plus and minus, then it will not pass current. And since a relay is connected to it, it will be de-energized. And this circuit can be used with a device based on both thyristors and transistors. Connect it to a gap in the wires, through which the charging itself is connected to the battery.
  3. Automatics, which must have a battery charge. The circuit in this case should ensure that the device will only work when there really is a need. To do this, the threshold of operation of the control diode changes with the help of resistors. It is believed that 12 V batteries are fully when their voltage is within 12.8 V. Therefore, this indicator is desirable for this scheme.

Conclusion

So we reviewed what the charging of the battery is. The circuit of this device can be performed on one board, but it should be noted that it is quite difficult. Therefore, they are made multilayered.

Within the framework of the article, various schematic diagrams were presented to your attention, which make it clear how the batteries are actually charged. But it is necessary to understand that these are only general images, and more detailed ones, indicating the ongoing chemical reactions, are special for each type of battery.

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