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Characteristics of earthquakes on the scale of Merkalli

изучаются еще в школе. Flooding and earthquake, their brief characteristics are studied in school. In the lessons, children are told how to behave when these phenomena occur. . School discipline, which gives a description of earthquakes - OBZH . This subject is of practical importance, since it gives basic ideas about natural disasters. Let us consider what the earthquake is. также будут описаны в статье. The time of the offensive and the main characteristics will also be described in the article.

Definition

. It contains a brief description of the earthquake . It is understood as underground vibrations and surface shocks, provoked mainly by natural and (to a lesser extent) artificial factors. The first, in particular, include mainly tectonic processes. The number of artificial factors includes filling reservoirs, explosions, collapse of mine workings , etc. Small shocks are also a consequence of the rise of lava during the eruption of the volcano. таким образом, указывает на то, что оно представляет собой природное явление. A brief description of the earthquake thus indicates that it is a natural phenomenon. It can be caused by various factors.

General characteristics of earthquakes

Every year on the planet there are about a million vibrations and tremors. However, most of them are so insignificant that it goes unnoticed. Strong earthquakes, which cause extensive destruction, occur on the planet about once every 2 weeks. Most of them happen at the bottom of the oceans, so it does not cause catastrophic consequences (if they do not provoke a tsunami). The force of the pushes is a key characteristic of earthquakes. и за рубежом специалисты признают, что в настоящее время отсутствует единая методика, позволяющая с достаточной вероятностью предвидеть конкретные признаки этих природных явлений и их последствия. In Russia and abroad specialists acknowledge that at present there is no single methodology that allows to predict with certainty the specific signs of these natural phenomena and their consequences. Moreover, experts note that it is unlikely to be developed in the foreseeable future. , в настоящее время отсутствует возможность их предвидеть. Knowing the causes, characteristics of earthquakes , at present there is no possibility to foresee them.

The mechanism of occurrence

The main characteristics of earthquakes are determined by the catastrophic devastation that they can cause. Destruction of structures is provoked by fluctuations in the soil or tsunami (giant waves). The latter are caused by seismic displacements of the bottom. Most of the foci occur near the surface of the earth. Tremors and oscillations occur when the cortex is displaced as a whole layer, provoked by elastic deformation of strained rocks.

Seismic waves

They are divided into 2 categories. The first includes waves of compression or longitudinal. They provoke fluctuations in the particles of rocks through which they pass, along the path of their propagation. This causes the alternation of rarefaction and compression in the rocks. These waves are recorded first, which is associated with their high speed. They are also called primary (P-waves). At a frequency of more than 15 Hz, they can be perceived by hearing as an underground rumble and rumble. Shear waves (transverse, S waves) cause perpendicular vibrations of particles in the rocks. They are called secondary.

Medico-tactical characteristics of lesions in earthquakes

In the region of direct oscillations and tremors, it is noted:

  1. Destruction of residential buildings, industrial buildings, medical and preventive institutions, including. Under their wreckage is located and kills a large number of people who received injuries of a combined type.
  2. Collapses and destruction of settlements, highways as a result of the formation of extensive and numerous cracks in the crust, landslides, landslides.
  3. Mass fires and explosions. They arise due to industrial accidents and shortages in power networks.
  4. Flooding as a result of numerous blockages and ponds on the rivers.
  5. Loss of control over radiation sources AOXV, etc.
  6. Psychological effects on citizens, leading to severe nervous disorders, in some cases fatal.

Required Activities

позволяет выработать комплекс работ, которые необходимо провести. Medico-tactical characteristics of earthquakes allow us to work out a set of works that need to be carried out. The obligatory measures include:

  1. Extraction of citizens from under the rubble, from buildings covered by fires.
  2. Localization and elimination of accidents and accidents on technological and communal-energy lines that threaten the life of the population.
  3. Strengthening or collapse of structures of structures in emergency condition.
  4. Organization of food and water supply for the population in the danger zone.
  5. Provision of medical care to the injured.

When carrying out these measures, you need to know the number of people you need to find in each house, quarter, district. In the earthquake zone, prevention of panic and psychic reactions of a massive nature is key.

Sanitary losses

, необходимо отдельно сказать о поражениях населения. Considering the main characteristics of earthquakes , it is necessary to separately say about the population defeats. In the area of destruction, most people get different injuries. The probability of combined damage is not excluded. It occurs with the simultaneous destruction of structures, fires, accidents in explosive and chemical objects. The population often remains homeless. At the same time, being in the surviving buildings is dangerous in connection with the probability of repeated shocks. Sewerage and water supply systems, medical institutions are being destroyed. In the absence of basic sanitary and hygienic conditions, the risk of infection spreads. The characteristics of earthquake damage depend on the area and strength of the disaster, the level of destruction of buildings, population density, the suddenness of the tragedy and a number of other factors. Most often, people have limb injuries, bruises of soft tissues.

Factors of population loss formation

The key circumstances are:

  1. Mediated (through the nature of the situation in the hearth of the disaster as a whole) and the direct impact on people of the destruction of structures and buildings.
  2. The effect of secondary natural factors. These include landslides, avalanches, mudflows, tsunamis, etc.
  3. The impact of secondary factors caused by human activities. It is, in particular, the fires associated with the destruction of oil storage facilities, power grids, gas pipelines, enterprises where there are stocks of radioactive, chemical and other dangerous compounds.
  4. Diseases.

Analysis

A study of the causes of injuries in disasters shows that 10% of all injuries were received from landslides, roof and wall collapse, 35% from falling debris, structures, and 55% due to misconduct caused by panic and fear. At present, there is no complete and conclusive evidence on the specific gravity of heavy, light and medium-heavy injuries in earthquakes. If we talk about the disasters that have occurred in the last half-century in the territory of the Russian Federation, this is primarily due to the fact that the majority of people who received minor injuries did not seek help, or the pre-hospital activities in the disaster zone were not registered. Experts suggest that this applies to a certain part of the population with moderate damage. Some of the citizens, after receiving the first medical aid, subsequently did not apply to medical institutions.

An Important Moment

As international experience shows, if rescuers can enter the disaster zone in the first three hours, they can evacuate up to 90% of the living. After 6 hours the number of rescued can be reduced to 50%. Further, the chances of evacuating the survivors are significantly reduced, and 10 days after the tragedy, there is no sense in rescue work. For example, on December 7, 1988, a major earthquake occurred in Armenia. The first groups of rescuers managed to get into the disaster zone only by the evening of 10 December. Scheduled work began only by the 12th.

Classification

. Different types of earthquakes and their characteristics are determined differently by different researchers. The most common are the classifications by the magnitude of the oscillations and intensities. . The last attribute is based on the characteristics of earthquakes on the scale of the Mercalli . According to the magnitude of the fluctuations, the types of disasters were determined in 1935 by Charles Richter. The researcher analyzed the energy, which is released in the form of seismic waves during shocks and oscillations. осуществляется по внешним признакам. Characteristics of earthquakes on the scale of the Mercalli is carried out by external signs.

Table

Consider the external signs of disasters of different strengths.

Intensity

Amount per year (average)

Radius

Characteristics of earthquake scores

I-IV (weak)

100 thousand

0-10

It is revealed by instruments, light rattling of windows in windows, creaking of doors. Victims and destruction are absent.

V (quite strong)

8 thousand.

5-30

Slight scratching of the floor and partitions, shattering whitewash. In some structures destruction is observed. There is a displacement of small objects or their overturning. The tremors are felt by most people, while the sleepers wake up.

VI (strong)

1 thousand.

5-30

Feels all people, some run out of the house, many are frightened. The walk in people becomes somewhat insecure. There is a shift of light furniture. Animals run out of their hiding places, dishes fall. In mountainous areas, there can be isolated cases of landslides, soil shedding, in many structures there are slight disruptions, in some - significant damage.

VII (very strong)

900

5-30

People are greatly frightened, start running out of houses, in some cases jump out of windows. It is quite difficult for a person to stand on the spot, furniture breaks down, hanging objects start to sway, books, dishes fall. There are small landslides on the Galician and sandy beaches, damage to irrigation concrete channels, the main destruction falls on type A facilities.

VIII (destructive)

140

20-80

Symptoms of panic, common fear, all people tend to run out of the premises. Begin to fall pipes of factories, monuments, beams installed on high supports. The branches of the trees break off, the furniture is shifted and partially tilted. There are landslides and fractures in type A structures, damages in buildings B and B.

IX (devastating)

15

50-120

General panic. The destruction of underground pipelines begins. Furniture begins to tip over and break. There are landslides, landslides, destruction of structures.

X (destructive)

15

50-120

There are numerous damages to household utensils, serious damage to berths and dams, curvature of railroad tracks, collapses and destruction in all structures.

XI-XII (catastrophic)

1

80-160

General destruction of structures, death of the population, animals, change in the landscape and flow of rivers, landslides and collapses, cracks in the bark.

Existing difficulties

высокой интенсивности указывает на необходимость выполнения быстрой и четкой работы в условиях бедствия. The characteristics of high intensity earthquakes indicate the need for fast and accurate work in distress conditions. In particular, it concerns the timely provision of medical assistance to the victims, the organization of their evacuation, transportation to medical institutions. To implement this task, you need to have reasonable information about the structure and magnitude of the likely losses. и их последствий. Its reception is considered a more complex issue than predicting the possibility, the intensity of the disaster, the direct nature of earthquakes and their consequences. Meanwhile, the analysis of potential losses is a necessary condition for ensuring the implementation of a set of primary measures. It is worth saying that the ability to predict the number of accidents is significantly lower than the amount of damage.

Treatment-evacuation measures

разной интенсивности. At the heart of their organization is the characterization of earthquakes of different intensity. Depending on the strength of the shocks, fluctuations, the degree of destruction, complexes of measures for liquidation of consequences and assistance to the victims are being developed. Of no less importance are the capabilities of the health system operating in the disaster zone, the availability of staff resources designed to ensure evacuation. In case of liquidation of the consequences of the most part of destructive earthquakes , a model of stage-by-stage treatment with transportation of the victims to specialized institutions is applied in Russia . It is worth noting that the organization of primary events is different not only for different disasters, but also for different sites within the same disaster zone. This was quite clearly manifested, in particular, in the aftermath of earthquakes in 1948 in Ashgabat, 1988 in Armenia and in 1995 in Sakhalin.

Specificity of activities

высокой интенсивности указывает на практически одномоментное формирование санитарных потерь. The characteristic of high intensity earthquakes indicates the almost instantaneous formation of sanitary losses. In this regard, the relief work is fully operational right after the disaster. At the initial stage - for several hours - the events are spontaneous. At this stage, mutual and self-help is carried out. Depending on the capacity of irregular and regular formations, as well as conditions in the disaster area, there may be different rates of intensification of work. Before the emergence of organized assistance, more or less a significant part of the victims themselves or with the help of other citizens are evacuated outside the disaster zone. This indicates that among the remaining people in the earthquake, the proportion of those with moderate and severe trauma increases.

Necessity of preliminary activities

In the most severe earthquakes, in terms of health consequences, the capacity of medical institutions working in or near the disaster area may be insufficient. A large area, the "linkage" of medical facilities to settlements located in seismically dangerous areas is enough at a great distance from each other, the lack or absence of specialized places of a certain profile, as a result of which evacuation is carried out to remote areas - all this requires work that reduces the risk of adverse Consequences or significant deterioration of the health of the victims during transportation. For example, in case of distress in Armenia, 87% of people were transported to medical facilities in Yerevan, only 8% remained in hospitals of regional centers. During the earthquake on Sakhalin, all those who needed hospitalization (more than 360 people) entered the town of Alder. It is located 70 km from the disaster zone. Subsequently, a significant proportion of the victims from the institutions to which they were hospitalized were transported to other cities.

Conditions for the formation of emergency medicine services

As experience of rendering assistance to victims shows, in practice there were no cases when the institution that participated in the liquidation of consequences performed only regulated actions of one kind. The medical and nursing teams and ambulance staff usually performed certain procedures of a medical nature. In almost all cases, the surgeon worked in the medical posts. The staff carried out a number of urgent measures included in the composition of qualified assistance. All this must be taken into account in the formation of disaster medicine services. Institutions of departmental or territorial health, which are deployed in the disaster area, regardless of their equipment and composition, usually provide first aid to the victims of a medical nature and carry out certain activities of a specialized type.

Principles of planning and production of medical evacuation works

For earthquakes with an intensity of 5-6 points, it should be borne in mind that:

  1. Most of the residents of the disaster area will not suffer and will be able to participate in rescue operations, including providing first aid to other people. The effectiveness of their activities will depend on the quality of preparatory work on the ground.
  2. 88-100% of the buildings will not get serious damage, and most of the medical facilities will remain operational.
  3. Victims and people needing help will apply for it in the very near future after the disaster.
  4. With a 5-point earthquake, a small number of traumatized people will not need hospitalization, labor-intensive measures to provide medical and qualified medical care, at a 6-point scale - about 12.5% will turn to medical institutions.

Work on the ground with a greater intensity of tremors

With earthquakes of 7-8 points, the provisions given above remain valid. However, one should take into account a number of features. First of all, it should be understood that injuries of different nature, including fatalities, will be received by every 7-10 people, and at 8 points - every 3-4th. Under such conditions, it is hardly possible to involve a significant part of the population who have not been affected by the disaster, to sanitary-evacuation measures. With a 7-point earthquake, they will ask for help 4-7 times, and for an 8-point earthquake they will be 9-10 times more people. More than 3% of the victims will need complex anti-shock therapy. In this case, all affected at a 7-point and most with an 8-point earthquake will be out of the rubble. About 13% will make sanitary losses in the first case, about 23% - in the second. All this indicates the need to provide one-stage assistance to a large number of people.

Additionally

Despite the fact that in comparison with the consequences of the 8-point earthquake, the consequences at 9-10 points worsen only by 15%, and at 11-12 - they even decrease by 15-22 and 35-50% respectively, the conditions for providing medical evacuation Activities will be more complex. Thus, only a small number of victims can receive first aid in the order of mutual and independent delivery. Total losses among the population with 9-12-point earthquakes can reach 55-81% of the total number of citizens. Among them, 65-80% of people will have moderate and severe injuries. All these data indicate that the first medical aid will be provided to the main part of the casualties only by the personnel of the emergency services or by citizens who will arrive from other settlements located outside the disaster zone.

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