Air transport. Types of air transport. Development of air transport

Since ancient times, all nations inhabiting our planet have been given an important role in transport. As for the current stage, the importance of vehicles has grown incommensurably. To date, the existence of any country can not be imagined without a powerful transport.

New achievements of science and technology

The twentieth century was marked by gigantic transformations that occurred in all spheres of human activity. Air transport was not an exception. Its development was promoted by the growth of the world's population, increase in the number of consumed material resources, urbanization, social, political and many other factors.

The scientific and technological revolution that has taken place has made it possible to change air transport not only quantitatively but also qualitatively. It is worth saying that at all times the means of transportation of a person were a special dynamic system. It was the transport system that served as the first consumer of various discoveries and achievements in the scientific field. In many cases it was she who acted as the direct customer of advanced developments.

It is difficult to name any area of research that would not apply to the improvement of vehicles. For their progress, the results of physical and thermodynamic developments are used. Considerable participation in the development of transport takes physics and mathematics. To solve this problem mechanics and chemists, astronomers and geologists, biologists and many other scientists are involved. The development of transport, including air transport, is promoted by the results of applied research in the fields of engineering and metallurgy, construction mechanics and automation, cosmonautics and electronics.

The need for further development

In modern conditions, air transport is one of the most dynamically developing means of transportation. In the main areas of development of the national economy and civil aviation, he plays an important role. The development of air transport for the country is simply necessary. The main goal, which is pursued in this case, is to increase the volume of transportation of goods and passengers to significant distances and to hard-to-reach areas. At the same time, the requirements for air travel are increasing. It should become more economical and regular, comfortable and safe. To achieve these goals, new in-depth studies of various scientific branches will be needed, as well as more serious developmental research.

Features of air transport

Aviation is the youngest and fastest direction, designed to implement communication links between different regions. At the same time, it is the most expensive industry.

Air transport in Russia is an important part of the national economy. With its help, medicines and mail, industrial and food products are delivered to the most inaccessible corners.

It is worth saying that aviation is the most perfect form of transport. It does not need roads and is not afraid of various obstacles. It is thanks to aviation that mankind has the opportunity to enter space.

Air transport has a number of undeniable advantages. First of all, it's high-speed. At the same time, considerable maneuverability is achieved in the organization of passenger transportation. In addition, modern airlines provide non-stop flights over considerable distances.

What aircraft are used in modern aviation?

Types of air transport, which are used in the national economy of the country, are not so diverse. In modern aviation aircraft are used, which are represented by different models of aircraft and helicopters. All of them find wide application for various tasks.

In the national economy much work is given to helicopters. These are flying machines that rise into the air space by means of rotating blades located on a vertical shaft. Helicopters use:

- during construction and installation works;
- in the sanitary-medical service;
- in agriculture;
- for the construction of pipelines;
- to combat emerging forest fires;
- for mail transportation;
- to assist in geological exploration;
- as a means of monitoring traffic on the roads;
- for communication with meteorological stations located in high-altitude regions.

Transportation of goods by air transport, represented by a fleet of helicopters, is carried out for short distances.

The principle of the flight of the aircraft is concluded in the interaction of the traction force of the engine and the force of the wing lift.

Differences in application

In modern aviation , the following types of air transport are distinguished:

- for passenger transportation;
- for moving loads;
- cargo-and-passenger (combined):
- training;
- special purpose (sanitary, agricultural, fire, etc.).

Such gradation is applied depending on the field of application, as well as on the designation of aircraft.

The difference between technical and operational parameters

For passenger air transport, the characteristic is the capacity. For cargo aircraft, their carrying capacity is important. For combined air transport, the technical-operational parameter is the flight range without landings, and speed. According to the latest indicator, separate types of aircraft are also delineated . The speed of an aircraft may be less than the speed of sound. There are also supersonic aircraft.

Government

Transportation of passengers and goods by air is in Russia under the direct control of the state. In the country, there are line departments and departments that oversee the work of this industry. In this case, each airline is paid a tax on the maintenance of dispatchers.

The main body of executive power, which exercises control over air transport, is the Federal Agency of the Federal Air Transport Agency. Its main tasks are:

- provision of services ensuring uninterrupted operation of air transport;
- issue of licenses for admission to flights on international and domestic lines;
- certification of companies providing aircraft operations;
- supervising the work of educational institutions of the aviation industry.

Flight crew

Management of air transport is not an easy task. The flight crew includes navigators and pilots, as well as cadets of flight training institutions that are fit for this work on the conclusion of a medical commission and can fulfill their functional duties.

Each member of the crew during the flight must unquestioningly follow all instructions given by the flight control authority. Retreat from the route can only be in case of a threat to the safety and lives of people who are on board the aircraft.

The navigators and pilots must be given a tolerance:

- to training flights, which are carried out during the day or at night;
- to fly on a new aircraft modification;
- to special flights.

In this case, all tolerances must be entered in the flight book. Regardless of the position held, each member of the crew is required to undergo an annual check on the various types of flight preparation. Her results must also be entered in the flight book.

There are certain standards for rest and flight of the crew of the aircraft. So, per day you can stay in the air for no more than twelve hours. Such a norm is established for the flight crew of airliners. Crews of helicopters should have a daily plaque of no more than eight hours.

Security

In air transport, all measures should be taken to ensure that the flight does not pose a danger to passengers. In connection with this, Rosaviatsia has banned the transport of liquid to the aircraft. This restriction applies to all airports in the country.

The Air Transport Administration - Rosaviatsia - notes that the threat of terrorist acts in air transport has not been eliminated. In connection with this situation, a directive was sent to all organizations related to civil aviation, as well as to all airports, indicating the need to implement all safety measures. According to this document, the passenger does not have the right to carry in the hand luggage any liquid. This prohibition applies to personal hygiene products. They must be put in luggage, which is checked with the use of technical devices for inspection. Only after that the liquid can be placed on board the aircraft.

In the event that a passenger during the flight needs to have medicines with him, they can be carried in hand luggage only after inspection by airport security services.

To such measures, passengers should be treated with understanding, because they are taken to ensure flight safety.